1 Species-Specific Evidence Review

Gatson, B.J., Swift, S., Paranjape, V., 2022. Successful treatment of prolonged refractory ventricular fibrillation in an anesthetized dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 32, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13132

2 Condition-Specific Evidence Review

Bassiakou, E., Xanthos, T., Papadimitriou, L., 2009. The potential beneficial effects of beta adrenergic blockade in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation. European Journal of Pharmacology 616, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.019
Boller, M., Fletcher, D.J., 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 1: Evidence analysis and consensus process: collaborative path toward small animal CPR guidelines. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22, S4–S12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00758.x
Brainard, B.M., Boller, M., Fletcher, D.J., RECOVER Monitoring Domain Worksheet Authors, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 5: Monitoring. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S65-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00751.x
de Oliveira, F.C., Feitosa-Filho, G.S., Ritt, L.E.F., 2012. Use of beta-blockers for the treatment of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia: A systematic review. Resuscitation 83, 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.01.025
Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., 2021. Fluid Therapy During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Front Vet Sci 7, 625361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.625361
Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., 2013. Updates in Small Animal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Emergency Medicine 43, 971–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.006
Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., Brainard, B.M., Haskins, S.C., Hopper, K., McMichael, M.A., Rozanski, E.A., Rush, J.E., Smarick, S.D., American College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 7: Clinical guidelines. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S102-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00757.x
Gatson, B.J., Swift, S., Paranjape, V., 2022. Successful treatment of prolonged refractory ventricular fibrillation in an anesthetized dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 32, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13132
Henik, R.A., 1992. Basic life support and external cardiac compression in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200, 1925–1931.
Hoehne, S.N., Kruppert, A., Boller, M., 2020. [Small animal cardiopulmonary -resuscitation (CPR) in general practice]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 162, 735–753. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00280
Hofmeister, E.H., Brainard, B.M., Egger, C.M., Kang, S., 2009. Prognostic indicators for dogs and cats with cardiopulmonary arrest treated by cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation at a university teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.235.1.50
Hopper, K., Epstein, S.E., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., Authors, the R.B.L.S.D.W., 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 3: Basic life support. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22, S26–S43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00753.x
Kass, P.H., Haskins, S.C., 1992. Survival Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Dogs and Cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.1992.tb00093.x
McMichael, M., Herring, J., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., the RECOVER Preparedness and Prevention Domain Worksheet Authors, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 2: Preparedness and prevention. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22, S13–S25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00752.x
Oppenheimer, N., Kelmer, E., Shwartzshtei, N., Segev, G., Ohad, D., Klainbart, S., 2022. Retrospective evaluation of the outcome and prognosis of undergoing positive pressure ventilation due to cardiac and noncardiac causes in dogs and cats (2019–2020): 101 cases. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 32, 769–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13224
Rozanski, E.A., Rush, J.E., Buckley, G.J., Fletcher, D.J., Boller, M., RECOVER Advanced Life Support Domain Worksheet Authors, 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 4: Advanced life support. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22 Suppl 1, S44-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00755.x
Smarick, S.D., Haskins, S.C., Boller, M., Fletcher, D.J., Authors, the R.P.-C.A.C.D.W., 2012. RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 6: Post-cardiac arrest care. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 22, S85–S101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00754.x
Wingfield, W.E., Van Pelt, D.R., 1992. Respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrest in dogs and cats: 265 cases (1986-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200, 1993–1996.

3 Substance-Specific Evidence Review

Tuttle, R., Popescu, L., Hill, S., Slanczka, A., Jankowski, J., Barre, K., Krueger, E., Slade, D., Croutch, C., Robben, M., Mesa, Z., Mesa, M., Dretchen, K.L., 2020. Intranasal epinephrine effects on epinephrine pharmacokinetics and heart rate in a nasal congestion canine model. Respir Res 21, 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01343-x

4 Efficacy Evidence Review

Gatson, B.J., Swift, S., Paranjape, V., 2022. Successful treatment of prolonged refractory ventricular fibrillation in an anesthetized dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 32, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13132
Hoehne, S.N., Hopper, K., Epstein, S.E., 2019. Prospective Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performed in Dogs and Cats According to the RECOVER Guidelines. Part 2: Patient Outcomes and CPR Practice Since Guideline Implementation. Front Vet Sci 6, 439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00439
Hofmeister, E.H., Brainard, B.M., Egger, C.M., Kang, S., 2009. Prognostic indicators for dogs and cats with cardiopulmonary arrest treated by cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation at a university teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.235.1.50
Kass, P.H., Haskins, S.C., 1992. Survival Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Dogs and Cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.1992.tb00093.x
Oppenheimer, N., Kelmer, E., Shwartzshtei, N., Segev, G., Ohad, D., Klainbart, S., 2022. Retrospective evaluation of the outcome and prognosis of undergoing positive pressure ventilation due to cardiac and noncardiac causes in dogs and cats (2019–2020): 101 cases. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 32, 769–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13224
Perondi, M.M., Reis, A.G., Paiva, E.F., Paolo, S., 2002. HIGH-DOSE EPINEPHRINE IS WORSE THAN STANDARD-DOSE EPINEPHRINE AS RESCUE THERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC CARDIAC ARREST: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL: 11. Critical Care Medicine 30, A3.
Wingfield, W.E., Van Pelt, D.R., 1992. Respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrest in dogs and cats: 265 cases (1986-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200, 1993–1996.

5 Supplementary Information

5.1 UK SPC Links

Adrenaline 1 mg/10 ml (1:10,000), solution for injection in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2024/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) 1mg/ml (1:1000) solution for injection (ampoule) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3673/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection BP 1 in 1000 - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6284/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Adrenaline Injection BP 1/1000 (1mg/1ml) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6595/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).
Dilute Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Injection 1:10,000 (ampoules) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc) [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3675/smpc (accessed 1.23.24).

5.2 Additional Material Consulted

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index [WWW Document], 2024. URL https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ (accessed 2.24.24).
Booth, D., 2011. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics - 2nd Edition [WWW Document]. URL https://shop.elsevier.com/books/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/boothe/978-0-7216-0555-5 (accessed 1.24.24).
Maddison, G., 2008. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: 2nd edition | Edited by Jill E. Maddison | ISBN: 9780702037252 [WWW Document]. Elsevier Asia Bookstore. URL https://www.asia.elsevierhealth.com/small-animal-clinical-pharmacology-e-book-9780702037252.html (accessed 1.23.24).
Plumb, 2024. Epinephrine [WWW Document]. URL https://app.plumbs.com/drug/yTTIqZPq6HPROD?source=search&searchQuery=epineph&section=doses (accessed 1.23.24).
PubChem, 2024. Epinephrine [WWW Document]. URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5816 (accessed 2.24.24).
Quesenberry, K.E. (Ed.), 2021. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery, Fourth edition. ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri.
Varga-Smith, M., 2022. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine - 9780702084034 | Elsevier Health [WWW Document]. Elsevier UK. URL https://www.uk.elsevierhealth.com/textbook-of-rabbit-medicine-9780702084034.html (accessed 1.23.24).

5.3 Conference Proceedings

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5.4 Expert Opinion

McArthur, S. (2024) Extrapolating pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Additional material in collating the data displayed is expert opinion derived from clinical experience or reputable texts.

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)