1 Species-Specific Evidence Review

Barter, L.S., 2011. Rabbit Analgesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Analgesia and Pain Management 14, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.003
Di Bella, C., Pennasilico, L., Staffieri, F., Serino, F., Palumbo Piccionello, A., 2021. Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in Rabbits: A Cadaveric Study. Animals (Basel) 11, 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071953
Gardhouse, S., Sanchez, A., 2022. Rabbit Sedation and Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25, 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.012
Kluge, K., Larenza Menzies, M.P., Kloeppel, H., Pearce, S.G., Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R., Kutter, A.P.N., 2017. Femoral and sciatic nerve blockades and incision site infiltration in rabbits undergoing stifle joint arthrotomy. Lab Anim 51, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677215622734
Miller, A.L., Clarkson, J.M., Quigley, C., Neville, V., Krall, C., Geijer-Simpson, A., Flecknell, P.A., Leach, M.C., 2022. Evaluating Pain and Analgesia Effectiveness Following Routine Castration in Rabbits Using Behavior and Facial Expressions. Front Vet Sci 9, 782486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.782486
Monge, E., Donnelly, T.M., Coutant, T., Bennett, R.A., Pignon, C., 2023. Lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization to treat otitis media in rabbits: forty-eight procedures. Veterinary Surgery 52, 1100–1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.14017
Schnellbacher, R.W., Carpenter, J.W., Mason, D.E., KuKanich, B., Beaufrère, H., Boysen, C., 2013. Effects of lidocaine administration via continuous rate infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am. J. Vet. Res. 74, 1377–1384. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.11.1377
Schnellbacher, R.W., Divers, S.J., Comolli, J.R., Beaufrère, H., Maglaras, C.H., Andrade, N., Barbur, L.A., Rosselli, D.D., Stejskal, M., Barletta, M., Mayer, J., Rodriguez, P., Quandt, J.E., 2017. Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine and buprenorphine on gastrointestinal tract motility and signs of pain in New Zealand White rabbits after ovariohysterectomy. Am. J. Vet. Res. 78, 1359–1371. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1359
Serpieri, M., Bonaffini, G., Ottino, C., Quaranta, G., Mauthe von Degerfeld, M., 2024. Effects of Intratesticular Lidocaine in Pet Rabbits Undergoing Orchiectomy. Animals 14, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040551
Vasseur, P.B., Paul, H.A., Dybdal, N., Crumley, L., 1984. Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2385–2388.

2 Condition-Specific Evidence Review

Barletta, M., Reed, R., 2019. Local Anesthetics. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 49, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.004
Barter, L.S., 2011. Rabbit Analgesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Analgesia and Pain Management 14, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.003
DiGeronimo, P.M., da Cunha, A.F., 2022. Local and Regional Anesthesia in Zoological Companion Animal Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Sedation and Anesthesia of Zoological Companion Animals 25, 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.015
Gardhouse, S., Sanchez, A., 2022. Rabbit Sedation and Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25, 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.012
Kluge, K., Larenza Menzies, M.P., Kloeppel, H., Pearce, S.G., Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R., Kutter, A.P.N., 2017. Femoral and sciatic nerve blockades and incision site infiltration in rabbits undergoing stifle joint arthrotomy. Lab Anim 51, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677215622734
Miller, A.L., Clarkson, J.M., Quigley, C., Neville, V., Krall, C., Geijer-Simpson, A., Flecknell, P.A., Leach, M.C., 2022. Evaluating Pain and Analgesia Effectiveness Following Routine Castration in Rabbits Using Behavior and Facial Expressions. Front Vet Sci 9, 782486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.782486
Monge, E., Donnelly, T.M., Coutant, T., Bennett, R.A., Pignon, C., 2023. Lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization to treat otitis media in rabbits: forty-eight procedures. Veterinary Surgery 52, 1100–1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.14017
Serpieri, M., Bonaffini, G., Ottino, C., Quaranta, G., Mauthe von Degerfeld, M., 2024. Effects of Intratesticular Lidocaine in Pet Rabbits Undergoing Orchiectomy. Animals 14, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040551
Vasseur, P.B., Paul, H.A., Dybdal, N., Crumley, L., 1984. Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2385–2388.

3 Substance-Specific Evidence Review

Barletta, M., Reed, R., 2019. Local Anesthetics. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 49, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.004
Barter, L.S., 2011. Rabbit Analgesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Analgesia and Pain Management 14, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.003
DiGeronimo, P.M., da Cunha, A.F., 2022. Local and Regional Anesthesia in Zoological Companion Animal Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Sedation and Anesthesia of Zoological Companion Animals 25, 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.015
Gardhouse, S., Sanchez, A., 2022. Rabbit Sedation and Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25, 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.012
Kluge, K., Larenza Menzies, M.P., Kloeppel, H., Pearce, S.G., Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R., Kutter, A.P.N., 2017. Femoral and sciatic nerve blockades and incision site infiltration in rabbits undergoing stifle joint arthrotomy. Lab Anim 51, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677215622734
Miller, A.L., Clarkson, J.M., Quigley, C., Neville, V., Krall, C., Geijer-Simpson, A., Flecknell, P.A., Leach, M.C., 2022. Evaluating Pain and Analgesia Effectiveness Following Routine Castration in Rabbits Using Behavior and Facial Expressions. Front Vet Sci 9, 782486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.782486
Monge, E., Donnelly, T.M., Coutant, T., Bennett, R.A., Pignon, C., 2023. Lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization to treat otitis media in rabbits: forty-eight procedures. Veterinary Surgery 52, 1100–1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.14017
Serpieri, M., Bonaffini, G., Ottino, C., Quaranta, G., Mauthe von Degerfeld, M., 2024. Effects of Intratesticular Lidocaine in Pet Rabbits Undergoing Orchiectomy. Animals 14, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040551
Vasseur, P.B., Paul, H.A., Dybdal, N., Crumley, L., 1984. Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2385–2388.

4 Efficacy Review

Kluge, K., Larenza Menzies, M.P., Kloeppel, H., Pearce, S.G., Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R., Kutter, A.P.N., 2017. Femoral and sciatic nerve blockades and incision site infiltration in rabbits undergoing stifle joint arthrotomy. Lab Anim 51, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677215622734
Miller, A.L., Clarkson, J.M., Quigley, C., Neville, V., Krall, C., Geijer-Simpson, A., Flecknell, P.A., Leach, M.C., 2022. Evaluating Pain and Analgesia Effectiveness Following Routine Castration in Rabbits Using Behavior and Facial Expressions. Front Vet Sci 9, 782486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.782486
Schnellbacher, R.W., Carpenter, J.W., Mason, D.E., KuKanich, B., Beaufrère, H., Boysen, C., 2013. Effects of lidocaine administration via continuous rate infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am. J. Vet. Res. 74, 1377–1384. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.11.1377
Schnellbacher, R.W., Divers, S.J., Comolli, J.R., Beaufrère, H., Maglaras, C.H., Andrade, N., Barbur, L.A., Rosselli, D.D., Stejskal, M., Barletta, M., Mayer, J., Rodriguez, P., Quandt, J.E., 2017. Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine and buprenorphine on gastrointestinal tract motility and signs of pain in New Zealand White rabbits after ovariohysterectomy. Am. J. Vet. Res. 78, 1359–1371. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1359
Serpieri, M., Bonaffini, G., Ottino, C., Quaranta, G., Mauthe von Degerfeld, M., 2024. Effects of Intratesticular Lidocaine in Pet Rabbits Undergoing Orchiectomy. Animals 14, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040551
Vasseur, P.B., Paul, H.A., Dybdal, N., Crumley, L., 1984. Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2385–2388.

5 Supplementary Material

5.1 UK SPC Links

5.2 Additional Material Consulted

Carpenter, J., 2022. Carpenter’s Exotic Animal Formulary - 6th Edition [WWW Document]. URL https://shop.elsevier.com/books/carpenters-exotic-animal-formulary/carpenter/978-0-323-83392-9 (accessed 2.11.24).
Plumb, 2024. Lidocaine/Lidocaine Combinations, Topical [WWW Document]. URL https://app.plumbs.com/drug/3nKfkkEknXPROD?source=search&searchQuery=lidocaine (accessed 2.11.24).
Quesenberry, K.E. (Ed.), 2021. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery, Fourth edition. ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri.
Varga-Smith, M., 2022. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine - 9780702084034 | Elsevier Health [WWW Document]. Elsevier UK. URL https://www.uk.elsevierhealth.com/textbook-of-rabbit-medicine-9780702084034.html (accessed 1.23.24).

5.3 Conference Proceedings

Di Girolamo, N., 2020. ExoticsCon Virtual 2020 Proceedings. VIN.com \ https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=9742199.
Fisher, P., 2011. Rabbit medicine overview (Proceedings) [WWW Document]. DVM 360. URL https://www.dvm360.com/view/rabbit-medicine-overview-proceedings (accessed 2.12.24).
Lichtenberger, M., 2015. British Small Animal Veterinary Congress 2008. VIN.com.

5.4 Expert Opinion

McArthur, S. (2024) Extrapolating pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Additional material employed in collating the data displayed is expert opinion derived from clinical experience or reputable texts.

Select Species Dataset

Levetiracetam

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