Taurine
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Adin, D., DeFrancesco, T.C., Keene, B., Tou, S., Meurs, K., Atkins, C., Aona, B., Kurtz, K., Barron, L., Saker, K., 2019. Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type. J Vet Cardiol 21, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.002
Adin, D., Freeman, L., Stepien, R., Rush, J.E., Tjostheim, S., Kellihan, H., Aherne, M., Vereb, M., Goldberg, R., 2021. Effect of type of diet on blood and plasma taurine concentrations, cardiac biomarkers, and echocardiograms in 4 dog breeds. J Vet Intern Med 35, 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16075
Alroy, J., Rush, J.E., Freeman, L., Amarendhra Kumar, M.S., Karuri, A., Chase, K., Sarkar, S., 2000. Inherited infantile dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs: genetic, clinical, biochemical, and morphologic findings. Am J Med Genet 95, 57–66.
Backus, R.C., Ko, K.S., Fascetti, A.J., Kittleson, M.D., Macdonald, K.A., Maggs, D.J., Berg, J.R., Rogers, Q.R., 2006. Low plasma taurine concentration in Newfoundland dogs is associated with low plasma methionine and cyst(e)ine concentrations and low taurine synthesis. J Nutr 136, 2525–2533. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2525
Bagardi, M., Ghilardi, S., Castellazzi, I., Fusi, E., Polli, M., Minozzi, G., Faverzani, S., Mirabelli, C., Brambilla, P.G., 2022. Preliminary Data on Echocardiographic Evaluation and Serum Taurine Concentration in Healthy Dogs of Two Breeds (10 Golden Retrievers and 12 German Shorthaired Pointers) with Different Predispositions to Nutritional Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 12, 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12212924
Basili, M., Pedro, B., Hodgkiss-Geere, H., Navarro-Cubas, X., Graef, N., Dukes-McEwan, J., 2021. Low plasma taurine levels in English cocker spaniels diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Small Animal Practice 62, 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13306
Bélanger, M.C., Ouellet, M., Queney, G., Moreau, M., 2005. Taurine-deficient dilated cardiomyopathy in a family of golden retrievers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41, 284–291. https://doi.org/10.5326/0410284
Delaney, S.J., Kass, P.H., Rogers, Q.R., Fascetti, A.J., 2003. Plasma and whole blood taurine in normal dogs of varying size fed commercially prepared food. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 87, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00433.x
Donadelli, R.A., Pezzali, J.G., Oba, P.M., Swanson, K.S., Coon, C., Varney, J., Pendlebury, C., Shoveller, A.K., 2020. A commercial grain-free diet does not decrease plasma amino acids and taurine status but increases bile acid excretion when fed to Labrador Retrievers. Transl Anim Sci 4, txaa141. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa141
Fascetti, A.J., Reed, J.R., Rogers, Q.R., Backus, R.C., 2003. Taurine deficiency in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy: 12 cases (1997-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223, 1137–1141. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.223.1137
Freeman, L., Rush, J., Adin, D., Weeks, K., Antoon, K., Brethel, S., Cunningham, S., Santos, L.D., Girens, R., Goldberg, R., Karlin, E., Lessard, D., Lopez, K., Rouben, C., Vereb, M., Yang, V., 2022. Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 36, 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16397
Freeman, L.M., Rush, J.E., 2007. Nutrition and cardiomyopathy: lessons from spontaneous animal models. Curr Heart Fail Rep 4, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-007-0005-6
Freeman, L.M., Rush, J.E., Brown, D.J., Roudebush, P., 2001. Relationship between circulating and dietary taurine concentrations in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet Ther 2, 370–378.
Kaplan, J.L., Stern, J.A., Fascetti, A.J., Larsen, J.A., Skolnik, H., Peddle, G.D., Kienle, R.D., Waxman, A., Cocchiaro, M., Gunther-Harrington, C.T., Klose, T., LaFauci, K., Lefbom, B., Lamy, M.M., Malakoff, R., Nishimura, S., Oldach, M., Rosenthal, S., Stauthammer, C., O’Sullivan, L., Visser, L.C., William, R., Ontiveros, E., 2018. Taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers fed commercial diets. PLOS ONE 13, e0209112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209112
Kramer, G.A., Kittleson, M.D., Fox, P.R., Lewis, J., Pion, P.D., 1995. Plasma taurine concentrations in normal dogs and in dogs with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 9, 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01076.x
Kriström, K., Häggström, J., Tidholm, A., Yu, J.Z., Fascetti, A.J., Ljungvall, I., 2023. Impact of blood tube additives and timing of sampling on blood taurine concentrations in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 45, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2022.12.003
Mansilla, W.D., Marinangeli, C.P.F., Ekenstedt, K.J., Larsen, J.A., Aldrich, G., Columbus, D.A., Weber, L., Abood, S.K., Shoveller, A.K., 2019. Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation. J Anim Sci 97, 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky488
McCauley, S.R., Clark, S.D., Quest, B.W., Streeter, R.M., Oxford, E.M., 2020. Review of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the wake of diet-associated concerns. J Anim Sci 98, skaa155. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa155
Ontiveros, E.S., Whelchel, B.D., Yu, J., Kaplan, J.L., Sharpe, A.N., Fousse, S.L., Crofton, A.E., Fascetti, A.J., Stern, J.A., 2020. Development of plasma and whole blood taurine reference ranges and identification of dietary features associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers: A prospective, observational study. PLoS One 15, e0233206. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233206
Quilliam, C., Ren, Y., Morris, T., Ai, Y., Weber, L.P., 2021. The Effects of 7 Days of Feeding Pulse-Based Diets on Digestibility, Glycemic Response and Taurine Levels in Domestic Dogs. Front Vet Sci 8, 654223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.654223
Reilly, L.M., He, F., Clark, L., de Godoy, M.R.C., 2021. Longitudinal assessment of taurine and amino acid concentrations in dogs fed a green lentil diet. J Anim Sci 99, skab315. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab315
Saito, T., Suzuki, R., Yuchi, Y., Yasumura, Y., Teshima, T., Matsumoto, H., Koyama, H., 2022. A Case of a Small-Breed Dog with Diet-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy Showing Marked Improvements in Cardiac Morphology and Function after Dietary Modification. Vet Sci 9, 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110593
Sanderson, S.L., 2006. Taurine and carnitine in canine cardiomyopathy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 36, 1325–1343, vii–viii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.010
Sanderson, S.L., Gross, K.L., Ogburn, P.N., Calvert, C., Jacobs, G., Lowry, S.R., Bird, K.A., Koehler, L.A., Swanson, L.L., 2001. Effects of dietary fat and L-carnitine on plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations and cardiac function in healthy dogs fed protein-restricted diets. Am J Vet Res 62, 1616–1623. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1616
Tenaglia, A., Cody, R., 1988. Evidence for a taurine-deficiency cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 62, 136–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)91379-3
Tôrres, C.L., Backus, R.C., Fascetti, A.J., Rogers, Q.R., 2003. Taurine status in normal dogs fed a commercial diet associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 87, 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00446.x
Tôrres, C.L., Biourge, V.C., Backus, R.C., 2022. Plasma and Whole Blood Taurine Concentrations in Dogs May Not Be Sensitive Indicators of Taurine Deficiency When Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Content Is Reduced. Front Vet Sci 9, 873460. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.873460
Vail, J., 2006. Taurine for the Treatment of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Veterinarian’s Personal Experience. Int J Pharm Compd 10, 421–424.
Vollmar, A.C., Fox, P.R., Servet, E., Biourge, V., 2013. Determination of the prevalence of whole blood taurine in Irish wolfhound dogs with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 15, 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2013.03.005