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Afoxolaner

Grade

Heartworm | Dirofilaria immitis | Prevention

Therapeutics

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Evidence

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Afoxolaner | Canine | Literature Review

  1. Abbate, J.M., Napoli, E., Arfuso, F., Gaglio, G., Giannetto, S., Halos, L., Beugnet, F., Brianti, E., 2018. Six-month field efficacy and safety of the combined treatment of dogs with Frontline Tri-Act® and NexGard Spectra®. Parasit Vectors 11, 425. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2957-7

  2. Baker, C.F., McCall, J.W., McCall, S.D., Drag, M.D., Mitchell, E.B., Chester, S.T., Larsen, D., 2016. Ability of an oral formulation of afoxolaner to protect dogs from Borrelia burgdorferi infection transmitted by wild Ixodes scapularis ticks. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 49, 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2016.09.004

  3. Becskei, C., Fias, D., Mahabir, S.P., Farkas, R., 2020a. Efficacy of a novel oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica TrioTM) against natural flea and tick infestations on dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors 13, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3946-1

  4. Becskei, C., Geurden, T., Liebenberg, J., Cuppens, O., Mahabir, S.P., Six, R.H., 2016. Comparative speed of kill of oral treatments with SimparicaTM (sarolaner) and Bravecto®(fluralaner) against induced infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs. Parasit Vectors 9, 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1376-x

  5. Becskei, C., Kryda, K., Fias, D., Follis, S.L., Wozniakiewicz, M., Mahabir, S.P., Farkas, R., 2020b. Field efficacy and safety of a novel oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica TrioTM) against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe and the USA. Parasit Vectors 13, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3947-0

  6. Beugnet, Frederic, Crafford, D., de Vos, C., Kok, D., Larsen, D., Fourie, J., 2016. Evaluation of the efficacy of monthly oral administration of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra(®), Merial) in the prevention of adult Spirocerca lupi establishment in experimentally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 226, 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.002

  7. Beugnet, Frédéric, de Vos, C., Liebenberg, J., Halos, L., Larsen, D., Fourie, J., 2016a. Efficacy of afoxolaner in a clinical field study in dogs naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasite 23, 26. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016026

  8. Beugnet, Frédéric, deVos, C., Liebenberg, J., Halos, L., Fourie, J., 2014. Afoxolaner against fleas: immediate efficacy and resultant mortality after short exposure on dogs. Parasite 21, 42. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014045

  9. Beugnet, Frédéric, Halos, L., Larsen, D., de Vos, C., 2016b. Efficacy of oral afoxolaner for the treatment of canine generalised demodicosis. Parasite 23, 14. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016014

  10. Beugnet, Frederic, Halos, L., Larsen, D., Labuschagné, M., Erasmus, H., Fourie, J., 2014. The ability of an oral formulation of afoxolaner to block the transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs. Parasit Vectors 7, 283. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-283

  11. Beugnet, F., Lebon, W., de Vos, C., 2019. Prevention of the transmission of Babesia rossi by Haemaphysalis elliptica in dogs treated with Nexgard®. Parasite 26, 49. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019051

  12. Beugnet, F., Liebenberg, J., Halos, L., 2015a. Comparative efficacy of two oral treatments for dogs containing either afoxolaner or fluralaner against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and Dermacentor reticulatus. Vet Parasitol 209, 142–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.002

  13. Beugnet, F., Liebenberg, J., Halos, L., 2015b. Comparative speed of efficacy against Ctenocephalides felis of two oral treatments for dogs containing either afoxolaner or fluralaner. Vet Parasitol 207, 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.007

  14. Beugnet, F., Meyer, L., Fourie, J., Larsen, D., 2017. Preventive efficacy of NexGard Spectra® against Dipylidium caninum infection in dogs using a natural flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestation model. Parasite 24, 16. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017017

  15. Beugnet, F., Rautenbach, C., van der Mescht, L., Lebon, W., Aouiche, N., Liebenberg, J., 2021. Insecticidal efficacy of afoxolaner against bedbugs, Cimex lectularius, when administered orally to dogs. Parasite 28, 7. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021004

  16. Burgio, F., Meyer, L., Armstrong, R., 2016. A comparative laboratory trial evaluating the immediate efficacy of fluralaner, afoxolaner, sarolaner and imidacloprid + permethrin against adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks attached to dogs. Parasit Vectors 9, 626. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1900-z

  17. Carithers, D., Crawford, J., de Vos, C., Lotriet, A., Fourie, J., 2016. Assessment of afoxolaner efficacy against Otodectes cynotis infestations of dogs. Parasit Vectors 9, 635. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1924-4

  18. Cornegliani, L., Guidi, E., Vercelli, A., 2020. Use of oclacitinib as antipruritic drug during sarcoptic mange infestation treatment. Vet Dermatol 31, 505. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12920

  19. Cutolo, A.A., Perier, N., Menz, I., Thyssen, P., Silva, F.O., Beugnet, F., 2021a. Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®) on the treatment of myiasis caused by the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in naturally infested dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 24, 100569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100569

  20. Cutolo, A.A., Perier, N., Menz, I., Thyssen, P., Silva, F.O., Beugnet, F., 2021b. Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®) on the treatment of myiasis caused by the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in naturally infested dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 24, 100569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100569

  21. Cvejić, D., Schneider, C., Neethling, W., Hellmann, K., Liebenberg, J., Navarro, C., 2017. The sustained speed of kill of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) on dogs by a spot-on combination of fipronil and permethrin (Effitix®) compared with oral afoxolaner (NexGard®). Vet Parasitol 243, 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.011

  22. Di Cesare, A., Morelli, S., Morganti, G., Simonato, G., Veronesi, F., Colombo, M., Berlanda, M., Lebon, W., Gallo, M., Beugnet, F., Traversa, D., 2021. Efficacy of milbemycin oxime/afoxolaner chewable tablets (NEXGARD SPECTRA®) against Capillaria aerophila and Capillaria boehmi in naturally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 14, 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04648-y

  23. Drag, M., Saik, J., Harriman, J., Larsen, D., 2014. Safety evaluation of orally administered afoxolaner in 8-week-old dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.022

  24. Drag, M., Saik, J., Harriman, J., Letendre, L., Yoon, S., Larsen, D., 2017. Safety evaluation of orally administered afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime in eight-week-old dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 40, 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12375

  25. Drag, M., Tielemans, E., Mitchell, E., 2022. Safety of oral afoxolaner formulated with or without milbemycin oxime in homozygous MDR1-deficient collie dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 45, 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13064

  26. Dreyer, S.M., Vaughan, J.A., 2022. Survival and Fecundity of Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles albimanus Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) After Ingesting Bovine Blood Containing Various Veterinary Systemic Parasiticides. J Med Entomol 59, 1700–1709. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac103

  27. Dryden, M.W., Canfield, M.S., Kalosy, K., Smith, A., Crevoiserat, L., McGrady, J.C., Foley, K.M., Green, K., Tebaldi, C., Smith, V., Bennett, T., Heaney, K., Math, L., Royal, C., Sun, F., 2016. Evaluation of fluralaner and afoxolaner treatments to control flea populations, reduce pruritus and minimize dermatologic lesions in naturally infested dogs in private residences in west central Florida USA. Parasit Vectors 9, 365. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1654-7

  28. Dryden, M.W., Smith, V., Chwala, M., Jones, E., Crevoiserat, L., McGrady, J.C., Foley, K.M., Patton, P.R., Hawkins, A., Carithers, D., 2015. Evaluation of afoxolaner chewables to control flea populations in naturally infested dogs in private residences in Tampa FL, USA. Parasit Vectors 8, 286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0897-z

  29. Dumont, P., Blair, J., Fourie, J.J., Chester, T.S., Larsen, D.L., 2014a. Evaluation of the efficacy of afoxolaner against two European dog tick species: Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus. Vet Parasitol 201, 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.017

  30. Dumont, P., Gale, B., Chester, T.S., Larsen, D.L., 2014b. Curative and preventive efficacy of orally administered afoxolaner against Ctenocephalides canis infestation in dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 212–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.014

  31. Emmerich, I.U., 2015. [New drugs for small animals in 2014]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 43, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.15654/TPK-150260

  32. Fankhauser, R., Hamel, D., Dorr, P., Reinemeyer, C.R., Crafford, D., Bowman, D.D., Ulrich, M., Yoon, S., Larsen, D.L., 2016. Efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol 225, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.003

  33. Gomez, S.A., Curdi, J.L., Hernandez, J.A.C., Peris, P.P., Gil, A.E., Velasquez, R.V.O., Hernandez, P.O., Picado, A., 2018. Phlebotomine mortality effect of systemic insecticides administered to dogs. Parasit Vectors 11, 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2820-x

  34. Gomez, S.A., Picado, A., 2017. Systemic insecticides used in dogs: potential candidates for phlebotomine vector control? Trop Med Int Health 22, 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12870

  35. Halos, L., Lebon, W., Chalvet-Monfray, K., Larsen, D., Beugnet, F., 2014. Immediate efficacy and persistent speed of kill of a novel oral formulation of afoxolaner (NexGardTM) against induced infestations with Ixodes ricinus ticks. Parasit Vectors 7, 452. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-452

  36. Hampel, V., Knaus, M., Schäfer, J., Beugnet, F., Rehbein, S., 2018. Treatment of canine sarcoptic mange with afoxolaner (NexGard®) and afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra®) chewable tablets: efficacy under field conditions in Portugal and Germany. Parasite 25, 63. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018064

  37. Han, H.S., Chen, C., Schievano, C., Noli, C., 2018. The comparative efficacy of afoxolaner, spinosad, milbemycin, spinosad plus milbemycin, and nitenpyram for the treatment of canine cutaneous myiasis. Vet Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12548

  38. Hayes, B., Wiseman, S., Snyder, D.E., 2021. Field study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel orally administered combination drug product containing milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio® Plus) against natural intestinal nematode infections in dogs presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Parasit Vectors 14, 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04766-7

  39. Hunter, J.S., Dumont, P., Chester, T.S., Young, D.R., Fourie, J.J., Larsen, D.L., 2014. Evaluation of the curative and preventive efficacy of a single oral administration of afoxolaner against cat flea Ctenocephalides felis infestations on dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.024

  40. Jongejan, F., Crafford, D., Erasmus, H., Fourie, J.J., Schunack, B., 2016. Comparative efficacy of oral administrated afoxolaner (NexGardTM) and fluralaner (BravectoTM) with topically applied permethrin/imidacloprid (Advantix(®)) against transmission of Ehrlichia canis by infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs. Parasit Vectors 9, 348. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1636-9

  41. Karadzovska, D., Chappell, K., Coble, S., Murphy, M., Cavalleri, D., Wiseman, S., Drake, J., Nanchen, S., 2017. A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner flavored chewable tablets (CredelioTM) in eliminating fleas in client-owned dogs in the USA. Parasit Vectors 10, 528. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2469-x

  42. Kondo, Y., Kinoshita, G., Drag, M., Chester, T.S., Larsen, D., 2014. Evaluation of the efficacy of afoxolaner against Haemaphysalis longicornis on dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 229–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.019

  43. Kryda, K., Mahabir, S.P., Inskeep, T., Rugg, J., 2020. Safety and efficacy of a novel oral chewable combination tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica TrioTM) against natural flea infestations in client-owned dogs in the USA. Parasit Vectors 13, 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3952-3

  44. Kunkle, B., Daly, S., Dumont, P., Drag, M., Larsen, D., 2014. Assessment of the efficacy of orally administered afoxolaner against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. Vet Parasitol 201, 226–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.018

  45. Kunkle, B.N., Drag, M.D., Chester, T.S., Larsen, D.L., 2014. Assessment of the onset of action of afoxolaner against existing adult flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestations on dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 204–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.023

  46. Lavan, R., Armstrong, R., Tunceli, K., Normile, D., 2018. Dog owner flea/tick medication purchases in the USA. Parasit Vectors 11, 581. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3142-8

  47. Lavan, R., Normile, D., Husain, I., Singh, A., Armstrong, R., Heaney, K., 2022. An assessment of canine ectoparasiticide administration compliance in the USA. Parasit Vectors 15, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05134-1

  48. Lebon, W., Beccati, M., Bourdeau, P., Brement, T., Bruet, V., Cekiera, A., Crosaz, O., Darmon, C., Guillot, J., Mosca, M., Pin, D., Popiel, J., Pomorska Handwerker, D., Larsen, D., Tielemans, E., Beugnet, F., Halos, L., 2018. Efficacy of two formulations of afoxolaner (NexGard® and NexGard Spectra®) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs, in veterinary dermatology referral centers in Europe. Parasit Vectors 11, 506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3083-2

  49. Lebon, W., Guillot, J., Álvarez, M.-J., Antonio Bazaga, J., Cortes-Dubly, M.-L., Dumont, P., Eberhardt, M., Gómez, H., Pennant, O., Siméon, N., Beugnet, F., Halos, L., 2019. Prevention of canine ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) with a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra®) in endemic areas in France and Spain. Parasite 26, 1. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019001

  50. Lebon, W., Meyer, L., Akki, F.E., Madder, M., Beugnet, F., 2021a. Efficacy of a single administration of afoxolaner (NexGard®) or fipronil plus permethrin (Frontline® Tri-Act) against Hyalomma marginatum ticks in dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 25, 100606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100606

  51. Lebon, W., Meyer, L., Akki, F.E., Madder, M., Beugnet, F., 2021b. Efficacy of a single administration of afoxolaner (NexGard®) or fipronil plus permethrin (Frontline® Tri-Act) against Hyalomma marginatum ticks in dogs. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 25, 100606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100606

  52. Lebon, W., Tielemans, E., Rehbein, S., Dumont, P., Yoon, S., Beugnet, F., Jeannin, P., Larsen, D., Halos, L., 2016. Monthly administrations of milbemycin oxime plus afoxolaner chewable tablets to prevent Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs. Parasit Vectors 9, 485. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1773-1

  53. Letendre, L., Harriman, J., Drag, M., Mullins, A., Malinski, T., Rehbein, S., 2017. The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime when used as a combination chewable parasiticide for dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 40, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12332

  54. Letendre, L., Huang, R., Kvaternick, V., Harriman, J., Drag, M., Soll, M., 2014. The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner used as a monthly chewable antiparasitic for dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.021

  55. Liebenberg, J., Fourie, J., Lebon, W., Larsen, D., Halos, L., Beugnet, F., 2017. Assessment of the insecticidal activity of afoxolaner against Aedes aegypti in dogs treated with NexGard®. Parasite 24, 39. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017042

  56. Loza, A., Talaga, A., Herbas, G., Canaviri, R.J., Cahuasiri, T., Luck, L., Guibarra, A., Goncalves, R., Pereira, J.A., Gomez, S.A., Picado, A., Messenger, L.A., Bern, C., Courtenay, O., 2017. Systemic insecticide treatment of the canine reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi induces high levels of lethality in Triatoma infestans, a principal vector of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 10, 344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2278-2

  57. Machado, M.A., Campos, D.R., Lopes, N.L., Barbieri Bastos, I.P., Botelho, C.B., Correia, T.R., Scott, F.B., Fernandes, J.I., 2018. Efficacy of afoxolaner in the treatment of otodectic mange in naturally infested cats. Vet Parasitol 256, 29–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.04.013

  58. McTier, T.L., Chubb, N., Curtis, M.P., Hedges, L., Inskeep, G.A., Knauer, C.S., Menon, S., Mills, B., Pullins, A., Zinser, E., Woods, D.J., Meeus, P., 2016. Discovery of sarolaner: A novel, orally administered, broad-spectrum, isoxazoline ectoparasiticide for dogs. Vet Parasitol 222, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.019

  59. Mermans, C., Dermauw, W., Geibel, S., Van Leeuwen, T., 2023. Activity, selection response and molecular mode of action of the isoxazoline afoxolaner in Tetranychus urticae. Pest Manag Sci 79, 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7187

  60. Mihalca, A.D., Deak, G., Panait, L.C., Rabei,  Ștefan, Beugnet, F., 2022. Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®) against natural infestations with Trichodectes canis in dogs under field conditions. Parasit Vectors 15, 317. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05428-y

  61. Mitchell, E.B., Dorr, P., Everett, W.R., Chester, T.S., Larsen, D., 2014a. Efficacy of afoxolaner against Dermacentor variabilis ticks in dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 220–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.016

  62. Mitchell, E.B., McCall, J.W., Theodore Chester, S., Larsen, D., 2014b. Efficacy of afoxolaner against Ixodes scapularis ticks in dogs. Vet Parasitol 201, 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.015

  63. Ohmes, C.M., Hostetler, J., Davis, W.L., Settje, T., Everett, W.R., 2015. Comparative Efficacy of an Imidacloprid/Flumethrin Collar (Seresto®) and an Oral Afoxolaner Chewable (NexGard®) against Tick (Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum) Infestations on Dogs: a Randomised Controlled Trial. Parasitol Res 114 Suppl 1, S81-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4515-y

  64. Otranto, D., 2014. NEXGARD®. Afoxolaner, a new oral insecticide-acaricide to control fleas and ticks in dogs. Editorial. Vet Parasitol 201, 177–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.029

  65. Packianathan, R., Hodge, A., Bruellke, N., Davis, K., Maeder, S., 2017. Comparative speed of kill of sarolaner (Simparica®) and afoxolaner (NexGard®) against induced infestations of Ixodes holocyclus on dogs. Parasit Vectors 10, 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2024-9

  66. Packianathan, R., Hodge, A., Bruellke, N., Jackson, C., Maeder, S., 2020. Efficacy of combination products containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica TrioTM) or afoxolaner and milbemycin (NexGard Spectra®) against induced infestations of Ixodes holocyclus in dogs. Parasit Vectors 13, 448. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04323-8

  67. Padivitage, N., Adhikari, S., Rustum, A.M., 2021. Assay of afoxolaner and determination of its related substances in commercial bulk batches of afoxolaner by reversed-phase HPLC method based on a short octadecyl column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1184, 122984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122984

  68. Palmieri, V., Dodds, W.J., Morgan, J., Carney, E., Fritsche, H.A., Jeffrey, J., Bullock, R., Kimball, J.P., 2020. Survey of canine use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides. Vet Med Sci 6, 933–945. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.285

  69. Panarese, R., Iatta, R., Lia, R.P., Lebon, W., Beugnet, F., Otranto, D., 2021a. Efficacy of afoxolaner for the treatment of ear mite infestation under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 300, 109607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109607

  70. Panarese, R., Iatta, R., Mendoza-Roldan, J.A., Zatelli, A., Beugnet, F., Otranto, D., 2021b. Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®) in preventing the transmission of Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis to sheltered dogs in a highly endemic area. Parasit Vectors 14, 381. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04883-3

  71. Perier, N., Lebon, W., Meyer, L., Lekouch, N., Aouiche, N., Beugnet, F., 2019. Assessment of the insecticidal activity of oral afoxolaner against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs. Parasite 26, 63. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019063

  72. Rehbein, S., Dorr, P., Bowman, D.D., Crafford, D., Kusi, I., Postoli, R., Yoon, S., Chester, S.T., Dollhofer, D., Visser, M., Larsen, D.L., 2016a. Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets against naturally acquired intestinal nematodes in dogs. Vet Parasitol 217, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.032

  73. Rehbein, S., Fourie, J.J., de Vos, C., Anderson, A., Larsen, D.L., Jeannin, P., 2016b. Efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against induced infestations with Dermacentor reticulatus in dogs. Parasitol Res 115, 1845–1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4924-6

  74. Rehbein, S., Knaus, M., Mallouk, Y., Breiltgens, T., Brianti, E., Capári, B., Dantas-Torres, F., Gau, M., Joachim, A., Kaulfuß, K.-H., Kirkova, Z., Lechner, J., Mihalca, A.D., Mirabito, R., Petkevičius, S., Rapti, D., Shukullari, E., Sedeilhan, M., Dollhofer, D., Kley, K., Lebon, W., Visser, M., Jeannin, P., 2017. Efficacy against nematode infections and safety of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets in domestic dogs under field conditions in Europe. Parasitol Res 116, 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5287-8

  75. Romero-Núñez, C., Bautista-Gómez, L.G., Sheinberg, G., Martín-Cordero, A., Flores-Ortega, A., Heredia-Cárdenas, R., 2020. Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner alone as treatment for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs. Can J Vet Res 84, 212–216.

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Afoxolaner | Canine | Dirofilaria immitis prevention

  1. Panarese, R., Iatta, R., Mendoza-Roldan, J.A., Zatelli, A., Beugnet, F., Otranto, D., 2021. Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®) in preventing the transmission of Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis to sheltered dogs in a highly endemic area. Parasit Vectors 14, 381. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04883-3

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