top of page

Meloxicam

Grade

Acute Pain

Therapeutics

​

Evidence

​


  1. Adami, C., Spadavecchia, C., 2020. Use of nociceptive threshold testing in cats in experimental and clinical settings: a qualitative review. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47, 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.009

  2. Amorim, I., Taulescu, M.A., Day, M.J., Catoi, C., Reis, C.A., Carneiro, F., Gärtner, F., 2016. Canine Gastric Pathology: A Review. Journal of Comparative Pathology 154, 9–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.181

  3. Aragon, C.L., Hofmeister, E.H., Budsberg, S.C., 2007. Systematic review of clinical trials of treatments for osteoarthritis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230, 514–521. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.4.514

  4. Arculus, S.L., 2004. Use of meloxicam as an analgesic in canine orthopaedic surgery. Vet Rec 155, 784.

  5. Baetge, C.L., Matthews, N.S., 2012. Anesthesia and Analgesia for Geriatric Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 42, 643–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.05.001

  6. Bardagí, M., Fondevila, D., Ferrer, L., 2012. Immunohistochemical detection of COX-2 in feline and canine actinic keratoses and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 146, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.03.012

  7. Battersby, I.A., Murphy, K.F., Tasker, S., Papasouliotis, K., 2006. Retrospective study of fever in dogs: laboratory testing, diagnoses and influence of prior treatment. J Small Anim Pract 47, 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00042.x

  8. Beale, B.S., 2005. Orthopedic Problems in Geriatric Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 35, 655–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.01.001

  9. Beckman, B., 2013. Anesthesia and Pain Management for Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Veterinary Dentistry 43, 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.02.006

  10. Belshaw, Z., Dean, R., Asher, L., 2020. Could it be osteoarthritis? How dog owners and veterinary surgeons describe identifying canine osteoarthritis in a general practice setting. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 185, 105198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105198

  11. Bendinelli, C., Properzi, R., Boschi, P., Bresciani, C., Rocca, E., Sabbioni, A., Leonardi, F., 2019. Meloxicam vs robenacoxib for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. Vet Surg 48, 578–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13156

  12. Bennett, C., Cook, N., 2019. Palliative Care Services at Home: Viewpoint from a Multidoctor Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.018

  13. Berry, S.H., 2015. Analgesia in the Perioperative Period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Perioperative Care 45, 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.007

  14. Blois, S.L., Allen, D.G., Wood, R.D., Conlon, P.D., 2010. Effects of aspirin, carprofen, deracoxib, and meloxicam on platelet function and systemic prostaglandin concentrations in healthy dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 71, 349–358. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.3.349

  15. Borer, L.R., Peel, J.E., Seewald, W., Schawalder, P., Spreng, D.E., 2003. Effect of carprofen, etodolac, meloxicam, or butorphanol in dogs with induced acute synovitis. Am J Vet Res 64, 1429–1437. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1429

  16. Borges, M., Marini Filho, R., Laposy, C.B., Guimarães-Okamoto, P.T.C., Chaves, M.P., Vieira, A.N.L.S., Melchert, A., 2013. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy: changes on renal function of healthy dogs. Acta Cir Bras 28, 842–847. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502013001200006

  17. Boston, S.E., Moens, N.M.M., Kruth, S.A., Southorn, E.P., 2003. Endoscopic evaluation of the gastroduodenal mucosa to determine the safety of short-term concurrent administration of meloxicam and dexamethasone in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 64, 1369–1375. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1369

  18. Boström, I.M., Nyman, G., Hoppe, A., Lord, P., 2006. Effects of meloxicam on renal function in dogs with hypotension during anaesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 33, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00208.x

  19. Bradbrook, C., Clark, L., 2018. State of the art analgesia—Recent developments pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats: Part 2. The Veterinary Journal 236, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.009

  20. Bradbrook, C.A., Clark, L., 2018. State of the art analgesia- recent developments in pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats. Part 1. The Veterinary Journal 238, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.06.003

  21. Brideau, C., Van Staden, C., Chan, C.C., 2001. In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats. Am J Vet Res 62, 1755–1760. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1755

  22. Brydges, N.M., Argyle, D.J., Mosley, J.R., Duncan, J.C., Fleetwood-Walker, S., Clements, D.N., 2012. Clinical assessments of increased sensory sensitivity in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. The Veterinary Journal 193, 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.019

  23. Budsberg, S.C., Cross, A.R., Quandt, J.E., Pablo, L.S., Runk, A.R., 2002. Evaluation of intravenous administration of meloxicam for perioperative pain management following stifle joint surgery in dogs. Am J Vet Res 63, 1557–1563. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1557

  24. Burian, M., Geisslinger, G., 2005. COX-dependent mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive action of NSAIDs at central and peripheral sites. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 107, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.02.004

  25. Busch, U., Schmid, J., Heinzel, G., Schmaus, H., Baierl, J., Huber, C., Roth, W., 1998. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in animals and the relevance to humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 26, 576–584.

  26. Butterton, S., 2013. NSAIDs in the treatment of polyuria and polydipsia in dogs. Vet Rec 173, 352. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.f6084

  27. Cannon, C.M., Allstadt, S.D., 2015. Lower Urinary Tract Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Urology 45, 807–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.02.008

  28. Cary, C.D., Lukovsky-Akhsanov, N.L., Gallardo-Romero, N.F., Tansey, C.M., Ostergaard, S.D., Taylor, W.D., Morgan, C.N., Powell, N., Lathrop, G.W., Hutson, C.L., 2017. Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Meloxicam and Sustained-release Buprenorphine in Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 56, 160–165.

  29. Catanzaro, A., Di Salvo, A., Steagall, P.V., Zampini, D., Polisca, A., della Rocca, G., 2016. Preliminary study on attitudes, opinions and knowledge of Italian veterinarians with regard to abdominal visceral pain in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 43, 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12326

  30. Caulkett, N., Read, M., Fowler, D., Waldner, C., 2003. A comparison of the analgesic effects of butorphanol with those of meloxicam after elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Can Vet J 44, 565–570.

  31. Caulkett, N., Read, M., Fowler, D., Waldner, C., 2002. The analgesic effects of butorphanol and meloxicam after elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 29, 103. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_16.x

  32. Cerda-Gonzalez, S., Dewey, C.W., 2010. Congenital Diseases of the Craniocervical Junction in the Dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Diseases of the Brain 40, 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.001

  33. Charlier, C., Michaux, C., 2003. Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a new strategy to provide safer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 38, 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0223-5234(03)00115-6

  34. Chervier, C., Chabanne, L., Godde, M., Rodriguez-Piñeiro, M.I., Deputte, B.L., Cadoré, J.-L., 2012. Causes, diagnostic signs, and the utility of investigations of fever in dogs: 50 cases. Can Vet J 53, 525–530.

  35. Chohan, A.S., 2010. Anesthetic Considerations in Orthopedic Patients With or Without Trauma. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Anesthesia Update 25, 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2010.01.002

  36. Clark, T.P., 2006. The Clinical Pharmacology of Cyclooxygenase-2–Selective and Dual Inhibitors. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Current Topics in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, 1061–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.07.001

  37. Cozzi, E.M., Spensley, M.S., 2013. Multicenter randomized prospective clinical evaluation of meloxicam administered via transmucosal oral spray in client-owned dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 36, 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12050

  38. Crandell, D.E., Mathews, K.A., Dyson, D.H., 2004. Effect of meloxicam and carprofen on renal function when administered to healthy dogs prior to anesthesia and painful stimulation. Am J Vet Res 65, 1384–1390. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1384

  39. Cunningham, F.M., Lees, P., 1994. Advances in anti-inflammatory therapy. British Veterinary Journal 150, 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80221-0

  40. da Costa, R.C., 2010. Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler Syndrome) in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Spinal Diseases 40, 881–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.06.003

  41. Davidson, J.R., Kerwin, S.C., Millis, D.L., 2005. Rehabilitation for the Orthopedic Patient. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy 35, 1357–1388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.08.006

  42. Deneuche, A.J., Dufayet, C., Goby, L., Fayolle, P., Desbois, C., 2004. Analgesic comparison of meloxicam or ketoprofen for orthopedic surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 33, 650–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04088.x

  43. Di Salvo, A., Chiaradia, E., Nannarone, S., della Rocca, G., 2021. Intra-articular use of analgesic/antinflammatory drugs in dogs and horses. Research in Veterinary Science 134, 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.014

  44. Doig, P.A., Purbrick, K.A., Hare, J.E., McKeown, D.B., 2000. Clinical efficacy and tolerance of meloxicam in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis. Can Vet J 41, 296–300.

  45. Doit, H., Wareham, K., 2016. Can you reduce the dose of meloxicam in dogs with osteoarthritis? Vet Rec 179, 600–601. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.i5692

  46. Downing, R., 2011. Pain Management for Veterinary Palliative Care and Hospice Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.010

  47. Engelhardt, G., Homma, D., Schlegel, K., Utzmann, R., Schnitzler, C., 1995. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and related properties of meloxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with favourable gastrointestinal tolerance. Inflamm Res 44, 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01757699

  48. Eskafian, H., Shojaee Tabrizi, A., Ansari Lari, M., 2017. Gastroscopic Study of Meloxicam, Tramadol, and Their Combined Administration on the Development of Gastric Injuries in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 32, 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2017.09.001

  49. Fletcher, J.R., 1982. The role of prostaglandins in sepsis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 31, 55–60.

  50. Forsyth, S.F., Guilford, W.G., Haslett, S.J., Godfrey, J., 1998. Endoscopy of the gastroduodenal mucosa after carprofen, meloxicam and ketoprofen administration in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 39, 421–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03748.x

  51. Fowler, D., Isakow, K., Caulkett, N., Waldner, C., 2003. An evaluation of the analgesic effects of meloxicam in addition to epidural morphine/mepivacaine in dogs undergoing cranial cruciate ligament repair. Can Vet J 44, 643–648.

  52. Frank, D., 2014. Recognizing Behavioral Signs of Pain and Disease: A Guide for Practitioners. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Behavior: A Guide for Practitioners 44, 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.01.002

  53. Fusellier, M., Desfontis, J.-C., Le Roux, A., Madec, S., Gautier, F., Thuleau, A., Gogny, M., 2008. Effect of short-term treatment with meloxicam and pimobendan on the renal function in healthy beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31, 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00934.x

  54. Gagnon, A., Brown, D., Moreau, M., Lussier, B., Otis, C., Troncy, E., 2017. Therapeutic response analysis in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, 1373–1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2017.07.008

  55. Gassner, G., Stephan, I., Schütt-Mast, I., 1998. [Observations on the side effects after application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in dogs]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 26, 119–123.

  56. Gaynor, J.S., 2008. Control of Cancer Pain in Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.009

  57. Giuliano, E.A., 2004. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in veterinary ophthalmology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Ocular Therapeutics 34, 707–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.12.003

  58. Gower, S., 2018. Meloxicam in racing greyhounds. Vet Rec 182, 518. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k1914

  59. Guerin, V.J., ’t Hooft, K.W.V., L’Eplattenier, H.F., Petite, A.F., 2012. Transitional cell carcinoma involving the ductus deferens in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240, 446–449. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.240.4.446

  60. Gunew, M.N., Menrath, V.H., Marshall, R.D., 2008. Long-term safety, efficacy and palatability of oral meloxicam at 0.01-0.03 mg/kg for treatment of osteoarthritic pain in cats. J Feline Med Surg 10, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.10.007

  61. Hansen, B., 2000. Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, 899–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70014-7

  62. Hare, J.E., Niemuller, C.A., Petrick, D.M., 2013. Target animal safety study of meloxicam administered via transmucosal oral spray (Promist(®) technology) for 6 months in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 36, 412–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12018

  63. Harper, T.A.M., 2017. Conservative Management of Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Hip Dysplasia 47, 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.02.007

  64. Hechler, A.C., Moore, S.A., 2018. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 33, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002

  65. Henrotin, Y., Sanchez, C., Balligand, M., 2005. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical management of canine osteoarthritis: Present and future perspectives. The Veterinary Journal 170, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.08.014

  66. Hernández-Avalos, I., Valverde, A., Ibancovichi-Camarillo, J.A., Sánchez-Aparicio, P., Recillas-Morales, S., Osorio-Avalos, J., Rodríguez-Velázquez, D., Miranda-Cortés, A.E., 2020. Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. PLoS One 15, e0223697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223697

  67. Horikirizono, H., Ishigaki, K., Amaha, T., Iizuka, K., Nagumo, T., Tamura, K., Seki, M., Edamura, K., Asano, K., 2019. Inhibition of growth of canine-derived vascular endothelial cells by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and atrial natriuretic peptide. J Vet Med Sci 81, 776–779. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0575

  68. Howard, P.A., Delafontaine, P., 2004. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43, 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.043

  69. Innerå, M., 2013. Cutaneous Vasculitis in Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Dermatology 43, 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.09.011

  70. Ito, S., Okuda-Ashitaka, E., Minami, T., 2001. Central and peripheral roles of prostaglandins in pain and their interactions with novel neuropeptides nociceptin and nocistatin. Neuroscience Research 41, 299–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00289-9

  71. Iturriaga, M.P., Paredes, R., Arias, J.I., Torres, C.G., 2017. Meloxicam decreases the migration and invasion of CF41.Mg canine mammary carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 14, 2198–2206. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6400

  72. Johnston, L., Narbe, R., 2012. Preferential accumulation of meloxicam in inflamed synovial joints of dogs. Vet Rec 170, 207. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100306

  73. Johnston, S.A., Budsberg, S.C., 1997. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Corticosteroids for The Management of Canine Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 27, 841–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(97)50083-0

  74. Johnston, S.A., McLaughlin, R.M., Budsberg, S.C., 2008. Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.001

  75. Jones, C.J., Streppa, H.K., Harmon, B.G., Budsberg, S.C., 2002. In vivo effects of meloxicam and aspirin on blood, gastric mucosal, and synovial fluid prostanoid synthesis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 63, 1527–1531. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1527

  76. Kaka, U., Hui Cheng, C., Meng, G.Y., Fakurazi, S., Kaka, A., Behan, A.A., Ebrahimi, M., 2015. Electroencephalographic changes associated with antinociceptive actions of lidocaine, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine administration in minimally anaesthetized dogs. Biomed Res Int 2015, 305367. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/305367

  77. Kay-Mugford, P., Benn, S.J., LaMarre, J., Conlon, P., 2000. In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs. Am J Vet Res 61, 802–810. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.802

  78. Kazakos, G.M., Papazoglou, L.G., Rallis, T., Tsimopoulos, G., Adamama-Moraitou, K., Tea, A., 2005. Effects of meloxicam on the haemostatic profile of dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Vet Rec 157, 444–446. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.15.444

  79. Khan, S.A., McLean, M.K., 2012. Toxicology of frequently encountered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs and cats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 42, 289–306, vi–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.01.003

  80. Knottenbelt, C., Chambers, G., Gault, E., Argyle, D.J., 2006. The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam on canine cell lines. J Small Anim Pract 47, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00006.x

  81. Konietschke, U., Teske, E., Jurina, K., Stockhaus, C., 2012. Palliative Intralesional Interleukin-2 Treatment in Dogs with Urinary Bladder and Urethral Carcinomas. In Vivo 26, 931–935.

  82. KuKanich, B., 2013. Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Evidence-based Approach. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.007

  83. KuKanich, B., Bidgood, T., Knesl, O., 2012. Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00675.x

  84. Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002

  85. Laredo, F.G., Belda, E., Murciano, J., Escobar, M., Navarro, A., Robinson, K.J., Jones, R.S., 2004. Comparison of the analgesic effects of meloxicam and carprofen administered preoperatively to dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Vet Rec 155, 667–671. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.155.21.667

  86. Lascelles, B.D.X., Brown, D.C., Conzemius, M.G., Gill, M., Oshinsky, M.L., Sharkey, M., 2019. Measurement of chronic pain in companion animals: Discussions from the Pain in Animals Workshop (PAW) 2017. The Veterinary Journal 250, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.07.001

  87. Lee, J.L., Mukhtar, H., Bickers, D.R., Kopelovich, L., Athar, M., 2003. Cyclooxygenases in the skin: pharmacological and toxicological implications. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 192, 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00301-6

  88. Leece, E.A., Brearley, J.C., Harding, E.F., 2005. Comparison of carprofen and meloxicam for 72 hours following ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 32, 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00207.x

  89. Lees, P., Giraudel, J., Landoni, M.F., Toutain, P.L., 2004. PK-PD integration and PK-PD modelling of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: principles and applications in veterinary pharmacology. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 27, 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00618.x

  90. Lemke, K.A., Creighton, C.M., 2010. Analgesia for Anesthetized Patients. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Anesthesia Update 25, 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.12.003

  91. LeRoy, B.E., Northrup, N., 2009. Prostate cancer in dogs: Comparative and clinical aspects. The Veterinary Journal 180, 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.012

  92. Looney, A., 2010. Oncology Pain in Veterinary Patients. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.008

  93. Lorena, S.E.R.S., Luna, S.P.L., Lascelles, B.D.X., Corrente, J.E., 2014. Current attitudes regarding the use of perioperative analgesics in dogs and cats by Brazilian veterinarians. Vet Anaesth Analg 41, 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12104

  94. Mabry, K., Hill, T., Tolbert, M.K., 2021. Prevalence of gastrointestinal lesions in dogs chronically treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Vet Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16057

  95. Marcinowska, A., Warland, J., Brearley, M., Dobson, J., 2013. A novel approach to treatment of lymphangiosarcoma in a boxer dog. J Small Anim Pract 54, 334–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12054

  96. Mathews, K.A., 2008a. Neuropathic Pain in Dogs and Cats: If Only They Could Tell Us If They Hurt. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1365–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.001

  97. Mathews, K.A., 2008b. Pain Management for the Pregnant, Lactating, and Neonatal to Pediatric Cat and Dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1291–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.07.001

  98. Mathews, K.A., 2000. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics: Indications and Contraindications for Pain Management in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, 783–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70007-X

  99. Mathews, K.A., Pettifer, G., Foster, R., McDonell, W., 2001. Safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam, compared with that of ketoprofen and butorphanol in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery. Am J Vet Res 62, 882–888. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.882

  100. Matsuyama, A., Schott, C.R., Wood, G.A., Richardson, D., Woods, J.P., Mutsaers, A.J., 2018. Evaluation of metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy as maintenance treatment for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma following limb amputation and carboplatin chemotherapy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 252, 1377–1383. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.252.11.1377

  101. McLaughlin, R., 2000. Management of Chronic Osteoarthritic Pain. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, 933–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70016-0

  102. McLean, M.K., Khan, S.A., 2018. Toxicology of Frequently Encountered Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Dogs and Cats: An Update. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Common Toxicologic Issues in Small Animals: An Update 48, 969–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.06.003

  103. Meeson, R., Corr, S., 2011. Management of Pelvic Trauma: Neurological damage, urinary tract disruption and pelvic fractures. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 13, 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.011

  104. Mellett, S., Verganti, S., Murphy, S., Bowlt, K., 2015. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal sacs in three dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 56, 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12264

  105. Milam, S.B., 2000. Chronic Temporomandibular Joint Arthralgia. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 12, 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1042-3699(20)30228-4

  106. Monteiro, B., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Antiinflammatory Drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 993–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.009

  107. Monteiro-Steagall, B.P., Steagall, P.V.M., Lascelles, B.D.X., 2013. Systematic review of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 27, 1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12127

  108. Montoya, L., Ambros, L., Kreil, V., Bonafine, R., Albarellos, G., Hallu, R., Soraci, A., 2004. A pharmacokinetic comparison of meloxicam and ketoprofen following oral administration to healthy dogs. Vet Res Commun 28, 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:verc.0000034995.81994.49

  109. Moreau, M., Dupuis, J., Bonneau, N.H., Desnoyers, M., 2003. Clinical evaluation of a nutraceutical, carprofen and meloxicam for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 152, 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.11.323

  110. Morgan, E., O’Connell, K., Thomson, M., Boyd, S., Sandy, J., 2019. Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Treated with Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 55, e55305. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6887

  111. Moses, V.S., Bertone, A.L., 2002. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 18, 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(01)00002-5

  112. Mullins, K.B., Thomason, J.M., Lunsford, K.V., Pinchuk, L.M., Langston, V.C., Wills, R.W., McLaughlin, R.M., Mackin, A.J., 2012. Effects of carprofen, meloxicam and deracoxib on platelet function in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 39, 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00684.x

  113. N, P., Ss, A., Pv, M., 2019. Comprehensive biology of antipyretic pathways. Cytokine 116, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2019.01.008

  114. Nakagawa, K., Miyagawa, Y., Takemura, N., Hirose, H., 2007. Influence of preemptive analgesia with meloxicam before resection of the unilateral mammary gland on postoperative cardiovascular parameters in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 69, 939–944. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.939

  115. Nell, T., Bergman, J., Hoeijmakers, M., Van Laar, P., Horspool, L.J.I., 2002. Comparison of vedaprofen and meloxicam in dogs with musculoskeletal pain and inflammation. J Small Anim Pract 43, 208–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00059.x

  116. Ng, L.E., Halliwell, B., Wong, K.P., 2008. Nephrotoxic cell death by diclofenac and meloxicam. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 369, 873–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.116

  117. Oh, N., Kim, S., Hosoya, K., Okumura, M., 2014. Compensatory cellular reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on osteogenic differentiation in canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Vet Med Sci 76, 629–636. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.13-0482

  118. Oh, N., Sunaga, T., Yamazaki, H., Hosoya, K., Takagi, S., Okumura, M., 2013. Limited inhibitory effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on in vitro osteogenic differentiation in canine cells. Jpn J Vet Res 61, 97–107.

  119. Pacheco, M., Knowles, T.G., Hunt, J., Slingsby, L.S., Taylor, P.M., Murrell, J.C., 2020. Comparing paracetamol/codeine and meloxicam for postoperative analgesia in dogs: a non-inferiority trial. Vet Rec 187, e61. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105487

  120. Packeiser, E.-M., Hewicker-Trautwein, M., Thiemeyer, H., Mohr, A., Junginger, J., Schille, J.T., Murua Escobar, H., Nolte, I., 2020. Characterization of six canine prostate adenocarcinoma and three transitional cell carcinoma cell lines derived from primary tumor tissues as well as metastasis. PLoS One 15, e0230272. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230272

  121. Pang, L.Y., Gatenby, E.L., Kamida, A., Whitelaw, B.A., Hupp, T.R., Argyle, D.J., 2014. Global gene expression analysis of canine osteosarcoma stem cells reveals a novel role for COX-2 in tumour initiation. PLoS One 9, e83144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083144

  122. Papich, M.G., 2008. An Update on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1243–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.002

  123. Papich, M.G., 2000. Pharmacologic Considerations for Opiate Analgesic and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, 815–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70009-3

  124. Pascoe, P.J., 2000. Perioperative Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70015-9

  125. Peterson, K.D., Keefe, T.J., 2004. Effects of meloxicam on severity of lameness and other clinical signs of osteoarthritis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225, 1056–1060. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1056

  126. Poulsen Nautrup, B., Hörstermann, D., 1999. [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the non-inflammatory non-steroidal agent meloxicam in dogs]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 106, 94–100.

  127. Punke, J.P., Speas, A.L., Reynolds, L.R., Budsberg, S.C., 2008. Effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin on prostanoid and leukotriene production by duodenal mucosa and other tissues of osteoarthritic dogs. Am J Vet Res 69, 1203–1209. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1203

  128. Radi, Z.A., Khan, N.K., 2006. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the gastrointestinal tract. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 58, 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2006.06.004

  129. Rainsford, K.D., Skerry, T.M., Chindemi, P., Delaney, K., 1999. Effects of the NSAIDs meloxicam and indomethacin on cartilage proteoglycan synthesis and joint responses to calcium pyrophosphate crystals in dogs. Vet Res Commun 23, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006254402163

  130. Reed, S., 2002. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced duodenal ulceration and perforation in a mature rottweiler. Can Vet J 43, 971–972.

  131. Richardson, C.E., Emery, P., 1995. New cyclo-oxygenase and cytokine inhibitors. Baillière’s Clinical Rheumatology, Innovative Treatment Approaches for Rheumatoid Arthritis 9, 731–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3579(05)80311-5

  132. Rousse, C.A., Olby, N.J., Williams, K., Harris, T.L., Griffith, E.H., Mariani, C.L., Muñana, K.R., Early, P.J., 2016. Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations. The Veterinary Journal 213, 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002

  133. Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005

  134. Ruel, H.L.M., Watanabe, R., Evangelista, M.C., Beauchamp, G., Auger, J.-P., Segura, M., Steagall, P.V., 2020. Pain burden, sensory profile and inflammatory cytokines of dogs with naturally-occurring neuropathic pain treated with gabapentin alone or with meloxicam. PLoS One 15, e0237121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237121

  135. Rusbridge, C., Jeffery, N.D., 2008. Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia. The Veterinary Journal 175, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.007

  136. Saito, T., Tamura, D., Asano, R., 2014. Usefulness of selective COX-2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents against canine mammary tumors. Oncol Rep 31, 1637–1644. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3010

  137. Sanderson, R.O., Beata, C., Flipo, R.-M., Genevois, J.-P., Macias, C., Tacke, S., Vezzoni, A., Innes, J.F., 2009. Systematic review of the management of canine osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 164, 418–424. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.14.418

  138. Sauvé, F., Paradis, M., Refsal, K.R., Moreau, M., Beauchamp, G., Dupuis, J., 2003. Effects of oral administration of meloxicam, carprofen, and a nutraceutical on thyroid function in dogs with osteoarthritis. Can Vet J 44, 474–479.

  139. Scrivani, S.J., Khawaja, S.N., Bavia, P.F., 2018. Nonsurgical Management of Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint Disorders 30, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2017.08.001

  140. Shukla, A.K., Pinard, C.L., Flynn, B.L., Bauman, C.A., 2020. Effects of orally administered gabapentin, tramadol, and meloxicam on ocular variables in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 81, 973–984. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.81.12.973

  141. Slovak, J.E., Turbeville, C., Grubb, T., 2020. Assessment of Veterinary Students’ Responses to Questions Regarding Small Animal Pain Recognition and Analgesic Treatment Options. J Vet Med Educ 47, 482–487. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0418-036r3

  142. Smith, B.J., Kirschner, S.M., Kendall, L.V., 2020. Pharmacokinetics of Sustained-release, Oral, and Subcutaneous Meloxicam over 72 Hours in Male Beagle Dogs. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 59, 737–741. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000155

  143. Steinmeyer, J., Konttinen, Y.T., 2006. Oral treatment options for degenerative joint disease—presence and future. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Drug Delivery in Degenerative Joint Disease 58, 168–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.007

  144. Streppa, H.K., Jones, C.J., Budsberg, S.C., 2002. Cyclooxygenase selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in canine blood. Am J Vet Res 63, 91–94. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.91

  145. Takashima, S., Takitani, S.-I., Kitamura, M., Nishii, N., Kitagawa, H., Shibata, S., 2019. Effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors at therapeutic doses on body temperature during anesthesia in healthy dogs administered with amino acids. J Vet Med Sci 81, 1379–1384. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0098

  146. Teixeira, R.C., Monteiro, E.R., Campagnol, D., Coelho, K., Bressan, T.F., Monteiro, B.S., 2013. Effects of tramadol alone, in combination with meloxicam or dipyrone, on postoperative pain and the analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 40, 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12080

  147. Tomsič, K., Rakinić, K., Sokolov, C., Seliškar, A., 2021. A survey study on the recognition and treatment of pain in dogs and cats by Slovenian veterinarians. Vet Anaesth Analg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.007

  148. Tsai, T., Chang, S., Chou, P., Yeh, L., 2013. Comparison of postoperative effects between lidocaine infusion, meloxicam, and their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 40, 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12064

  149. Viking Höglund, O., Frendin, J., 2002. Analgesic effect of meloxicam in canine acute dermatitis--a pilot study. Acta Vet Scand 43, 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-43-247

  150. Waldherr, K., Zurbriggen, A., Spreng, D.E., Forterre, S., 2012. In vitro cytoprotective effects of acetylsalicylic acid, carprofen, meloxicam, or robenacoxib against apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprusside in canine cruciate ligament cells. Am J Vet Res 73, 1752–1758. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1752

  151. Wallace, J.L., 2002. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: after the smoke has cleared. Digestive and Liver Disease 34, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(02)80234-1

  152. Walton, S., Ryan, K.A., Davis, J.L., Acierno, M., 2017. Treatment of meloxicam overdose in a dog via therapeutic plasma exchange. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 27, 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12607

  153. Webb, A.A., 2003. Potential Sources of Neck and Back Pain in Clinical Conditions of Dogs and Cats: A Review. The Veterinary Journal 165, 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(02)00249-6

  154. Wernham, B.G.J., Trumpatori, B., Hash, J., Lipsett, J., Davidson, G., Wackerow, P., Thomson, A., Lascelles, B.D.X., 2011. Dose Reduction of Meloxicam in Dogs with Osteoarthritis-Associated Pain and Impaired Mobility. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25, 1298–1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00825.x

  155. White, C., Morrow, L., 2020. Efficacy of meloxicam compared with carprofen for treating canine osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 186, 94. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.m50

  156. Wolfesberger, B., Hoelzl, C., Walter, I., Reider, G.A., Fertl, G., Thalhammer, J.G., Skalicky, M., Egerbacher, M., 2006. In vitro effects of meloxicam with or without doxorubicin on canine osteosarcoma cells. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00704.x

  157. Wolfesberger, Birgitt, Walter, I., Hoelzl, C., Thalhammer, J.G., Egerbacher, M., 2006. Antineoplastic effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor meloxicam on canine osteosarcoma cells. Res Vet Sci 80, 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.07.013

  158. Wooten, J.G., Blikslager, A.T., Marks, S.L., Law, J.M., Graeber, E.C., Lascelles, B.D.X., 2009. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with varied cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity on cyclooxygenase protein and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosa of dogs. Am J Vet Res 70, 1243–1249. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1243

  159. WSAVA, 2014. GUIDELINES FOR RECOGNITION, ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF PAIN: WSAVA Global Pain Council. Journal of Small Animal Practice 59.

  160. Wu, G.-H., Shi, H.-J., Che, M.-T., Huang, M.-Y., Wei, Q.-S., Feng, B., Ma, Y.-H., Wang, L.-J., Jiang, B., Wang, Y.-Q., Han, I., Ling, E.-A., Zeng, X., Zeng, Y.-S., 2018. Recovery of paralyzed limb motor function in canine with complete spinal cord injury following implantation of MSC-derived neural network tissue. Biomaterials 181, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.010

  161. Yamashita, K., Okano, Y., Yamashita, M., Umar, M.A., Kushiro, T., Muir, W.W., 2008. Effects of carprofen and meloxicam with or without butorphanol on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 70, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.29

  162. Yuan, Y., Chen, X.-Y., Li, S.-M., Wei, X.-Y., Yao, H.-M., Zhong, D.-F., 2009. Pharmacokinetic studies of meloxicam following oral and transdermal administration in Beagle dogs. Acta Pharmacol Sin 30, 1060–1064. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2009.73

  163. Zanuzzo, F.S., Teixeira-Neto, F.J., Teixeira, L.R., Diniz, M.S., Souza, V.L., Thomazini, C.M., Steagall, P.V.M., 2015a. Analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of dipyrone, meloxicam or a dipyrone–meloxicam combination in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The Veterinary Journal 205, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.004

  164. Zanuzzo, F.S., Teixeira-Neto, F.J., Thomazini, C.M., Takahira, R.K., Conner, B., Diniz, M.S., 2015b. Effects of dipyrone, meloxicam, or the combination on hemostasis in conscious dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 25, 512–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12336


Expert Opinion


  1. 1317822* |  221003 Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.


Monograph Details

​

bottom of page