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Gabapentin

Grade

Complex Epilepsy [AED]

Therapeutics

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Evidence

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Gabapentin | Dog | Literature Review

  1. Abboud, C., Duveau, A., Bouali-Benazzouz, R., Massé, K., Mattar, J., Brochoire, L., Fossat, P., Boué-Grabot, E., Hleihel, W., Landry, M., 2021. Animal models of pain: Diversity and benefits. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 348, 108997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108997

  2. Aghighi, S.A., Tipold, A., Piechotta, M., Lewczuk, P., Kästner, S.B.R., 2012. Assessment of the effects of adjunctive gabapentin on postoperative pain after intervertebral disc surgery in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00769.x

  3. Amadei, E., Cantile, C., Gazzano, A., Pierantoni, L., Mariti, C., 2021. The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 46, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003

  4. Amsellem, P., 2011. Complications of Reconstructive Surgery in Companion Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Surgical Complications 41, 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.05.005

  5. Bazin, I., Desmarchelier, M., 2022. Retrospective study on the use of fluvoxamine in 72 dogs with anxiety disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 50, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.01.001

  6. Beckman, B., 2013. Anesthesia and Pain Management for Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Veterinary Dentistry 43, 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.02.006

  7. Bell, A., 2018. The neurobiology of acute pain. The Veterinary Journal 237, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.004

  8. Bennett, C., Cook, N., 2019. Palliative Care Services at Home: Viewpoint from a Multidoctor Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.018

  9. Berry, S.H., 2015. Analgesia in the Perioperative Period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Perioperative Care 45, 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.007

  10. Bertocci, G.E., Brown, N.P., Mich, P.M., 2017. Why Owners Choose an Orthosis Over Stifle Surgery for Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, SI:Canine Orthopedics 32, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2017.10.002

  11. Bleuer-Elsner, S., Medam, T., Masson, S., 2021. Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Veterinary Record 189, e453. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.453

  12. Boileau, C., Martel‐Pelletier, J., Brunet, J., Tardif, G., Schrier, D., Flory, C., El‐Kattan, A., Boily, M., Pelletier, J.-P., 2005. Oral treatment with PD-0200347, an α2δ ligand, reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis by inhibiting metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and synthesis in cartilage chondrocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatism 52, 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20809

  13. Bradbrook, C., Clark, L., 2018. State of the art analgesia—Recent developments pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats: Part 2. The Veterinary Journal 236, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.009

  14. Bray, C.W., Berryessa, N.A., Frederick, S.W., Savage, M.Y., 2022. Diagnosis and Conservative Management of Primary Lymphedema Resulting From Multiple Aplastic Lymphocenters in a Dog. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 49, 100651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100651

  15. Brioschi, F.A., Di Cesare, F., Gioeni, D., Rabbogliatti, V., Ferrari, F., D’Urso, E.S., Amari, M., Ravasio, G., 2020. Oral Transmucosal Cannabidiol Oil Formulation as Part of a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen: Effects on Pain Relief and Quality of Life Improvement in Dogs Affected by Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 10, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091505

  16. Bruecker, K.A., Benjamino, K., Vezzoni, A., Walls, C., Wendelburg, K.L., Follette, C.M., Déjardin, L.M., Guillou, R., 2021. Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Medial Compartment Disease and Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Forelimb Lameness 51, 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.12.008

  17. Bulmer, D.C.E., Coelho, A.-M., Winchester, W.J., 2007. Approaches to the treatment of visceral pain. Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, Gastrointestinal diseases / Skin disorders 4, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.04.003

  18. Cerda-Gonzalez, S., Dewey, C.W., 2010. Congenital Diseases of the Craniocervical Junction in the Dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Diseases of the Brain 40, 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.001

  19. Chandler, K., 2006. Canine epilepsy: What can we learn from human seizure disorders? The Veterinary Journal 172, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.001

  20. Charalambous, M., Brodbelt, D., Volk, H.A., 2014. Treatment in canine epilepsy--a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 10, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0257-9

  21. Charalambous, M., Shivapour, S.K., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2016. Antiepileptic drugs’ tolerability and safety--a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse effects in dogs. BMC Vet Res 12, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0703-y

  22. Chauvet, A., 2020. Anatomy and Physiology of Neurogenic Pain. Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 33, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asams.2020.01.001

  23. Cloquell, A., Kaczmarska, A., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., José-López, R., 2021. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical management of suspected intracranial hypovolemia after transfrontal craniotomy in a dog. Veterinary Surgery 50, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13586

  24. Crociolli, G.C., Cassu, R.N., Barbero, R.C., Rocha, T.L.A., Gomes, D.R., Nicácio, G.M., 2015. Gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing mastectomy. J Vet Med Sci 77, 1011–1015. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0602

  25. Dewey, C.W., 2006. Anticonvulsant Therapy in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Current Topics in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, 1107–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.05.005

  26. Dewey, C.W., Davies, E.S., Xie, H., Wakshlag, J.J., 2019. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013

  27. Downing, R., 2011. Pain Management for Veterinary Palliative Care and Hospice Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.010

  28. Epstein, M.E., 2014. Adjunctive, Pain-Modifying, Analgesic Drugs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Approaches to Pain Management 29, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2014.07.001

  29. Erickson, A., Harbin, K., MacPherson, J., Rundle, K., Overall, K.L., 2021. A review of pre-appointment medications to reduce fear and anxiety in dogs and cats at veterinary visits. Can Vet J 62, 952–960.

  30. Fox, S.M., 2012. Painful Decisions for Senior Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 42, 727–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.010

  31. Gates, M.C., Littlewood, K.E., Kongara, K., Odom, T.F., Sawicki, R.K., 2020. Cross-sectional survey of anaesthesia and analgesia protocols used to perform routine canine and feline ovariohysterectomies. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.008

  32. Gaynor, J.S., 2008. Control of Cancer Pain in Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.009

  33. Giudice, E., Crinò, C., Barillaro, G., Crupi, R., Macrì, F., Viganò, F., Di Pietro, S., 2019. Clinical findings in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in ten dogs—A pilot study on the analgesic activity of tramadol and gabapentin. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 33, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.004

  34. Gomes, S.A., Lowrie, M., Targett, M., 2020. Single dose epidural methylprednisolone as a treatment and predictor of outcome following subsequent decompressive surgery in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with foraminal stenosis. The Veterinary Journal 257, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451

  35. Govendir, M., Perkins, M., Malik, R., 2005. Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Australian Veterinary Journal 83, 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13269.x

  36. Gregor, K.M., Knebel, A., Haverkamp, A.-K., Baumgärtner, W., Volk, H., 2022. Metastatic Canine Phaeochromocytoma with Unusual Manifestation. Journal of Comparative Pathology 192, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.01.006

  37. Hansen, B., 2008. Analgesia for the Critically Ill Dog or Cat: An Update. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1353–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.002

  38. Harper, T.A.M., 2017. Conservative Management of Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Hip Dysplasia 47, 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.02.007

  39. Haug, L.I., 2008. Canine Aggression Toward Unfamiliar People and Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Practical Applications and New Perspectives in Veterinary Behavior 38, 1023–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.005

  40. Hechler, A.C., Moore, S.A., 2018. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 33, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002

  41. Hellyer, P., Rodan, I., Brunt, J., Downing, R., Hagedorn, J., Robertson, S., 2007. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9, 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001

  42. Hudson, C.C., Lewis, D.D., Pozzi, A., 2020. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis: Radius and Ulna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair 50, 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.08.006

  43. Johnson, B.A., Aarnes, T.K., Wanstrath, A.W., Ricco Pereira, C.H., Bednarski, R.M., Lerche, P., McLoughlin, M.A., 2019. Effect of oral administration of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Am J Vet Res 80, 1007–1009. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1007

  44. Johnston, S.A., McLaughlin, R.M., Budsberg, S.C., 2008. Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.001

  45. Kalamaras, A.B., Aarnes, T.K., Moore, S.A., Jones, S.C., Pereira, C.R., Peng, J., Kieves, N.R., 2021. Effects of perioperative saphenous and sciatic nerve blocks, lumbosacral epidural or morphine–lidocaine–ketamine infusion on postoperative pain and sedation in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.02.004

  46. Kartashova, I.A., Ganina, K.K., Karelina, E.A., Tarasov, S.A., 2021. How to evaluate and manage stress in dogs – A guide for veterinary specialist. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 243, 105458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105458

  47. Kramer, B.M., Hellyer, P.W., Rishniw, M., Kogan, L.R., 2022. Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.010

  48. KuKanich, B., 2013. Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Evidence-based Approach. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.007

  49. KuKanich, B., Bidgood, T., Knesl, O., 2012. Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00675.x

  50. KuKanich, B., Cohen, R.L., 2011. Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs. The Veterinary Journal 187, 133–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.09.022

  51. Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002

  52. Landsberg, G.M., DePorter, T., Araujo, J.A., 2011. Clinical Signs and Management of Anxiety, Sleeplessness, and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Senior Pet. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 565–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.017

  53. Lascelles, B.D.X., Robertson, S.A., 2010. DJD-Associated pain in cats: What can we do to promote patient comfort? Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 12, 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.01.003

  54. Lavely, J.A., 2014. Pediatric Seizure Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Pediatrics 44, 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.10.004

  55. Lavely, J.A., 2009. Priapism in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Reproduction 24, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2008.11.001

  56. Liatis, T., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Mari, L., Czopowicz, M., Polidoro, D., Bhatti, S.F.M., Cozzi, F., Tirrito, F., Brocal, J., José-López, R., Kaczmarska, A., Cappello, R., Harris, G., Alves, L., Rusbridge, C., Rossmeisl, J.H., 2022. Primary orthostatic tremor and orthostatic tremor-plus in dogs: 60 cases (2003-2020). J Vet Intern Med 36, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16328

  57. Looney, A., 2010. Oncology Pain in Veterinary Patients. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.008

  58. Loughin, C.A., 2016. Chiari-like Malformation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Congenital Abnormalities of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Central Nervous System 46, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.002

  59. Marsh, O.J.R., Risio, L.D., 2018. Exertional myopathy and hyoid luxation in a greyhound. Veterinary Record Case Reports 6, e000668. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000668

  60. Matar, K.M., Nicholls, P.J., Bawazir, S.A., Al-Hassan, M.I., Tekle, A., 2000. Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog. Pharmacol Res 42, 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2000.0713

  61. Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200

  62. Mathews, K.A., 2008. Neuropathic Pain in Dogs and Cats: If Only They Could Tell Us If They Hurt. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1365–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.001

  63. Mauler, D.A., De Decker, S., De Risio, L., Volk, H.A., Dennis, R., Gielen, I., Van der Vekens, E., Goethals, K., Van Ham, L., 2017. Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 31, 849–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14714

  64. Mills, P.O., Tansey, C.O., Genzer, S.C., Mauldin, M.R., Howard, R.A., Kling, C.A., Jackson, F.R., Matheny, A.M., Boothe, D.M., Lathrop, G.W., Powell, N., Gallardo-Romero, N., 2020. Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Gabapentin after Oral and Subcutaneous Administration in Black-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 59, 305–309. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000150

  65. Monteiro, B.P., de Lorimier, L.-P., Moreau, M., Beauchamp, G., Blair, J., Lussier, B., Pelletier, J.-P., Troncy, E., 2018. Pain characterization and response to palliative care in dogs with naturally-occurring appendicular osteosarcoma: An open label clinical trial. PLoS One 13, e0207200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207200

  66. Moore, S.A., 2016. Managing Neuropathic Pain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00012

  67. Morjaria, J.B., Dickinson, R.S., Morice, A.H., 2013. Novel antitussive strategies. Drug Discovery Today 18, 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2012.11.004

  68. Muñana, K.R., 2013a. Management of refractory epilepsy. Top Companion Anim Med 28, 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.007

  69. Muñana, K.R., 2013b. Update: Seizure Management in Small Animal Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, 1127–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.008

  70. Okeson, J.P., de Leeuw, R., 2011. Differential Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorders and Other Orofacial Pain Disorders. Dental Clinics of North America, Contemporary Concepts in the Diagnosis of Oral and Dental Disease 55, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2010.08.007

  71. O’Neill, D.G., Brodbelt, D.C., Hodge, R., Church, D.B., Meeson, R.L., 2020. Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-0080-5

  72. Otero, P.E., Portela, D.A., Fuensalida, S.E., Romano, M., Tarragona, L., Cavalcanti, M., Texeira, J.G., Jones, R., Guerrero, J.A., 2022. Pericapsular hip desensitization in dogs: A cadaveric study and case series. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.001

  73. Pancotto, T.E., Rossmeisl, J.H., 2017. A case of stiff dog syndrome associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. J Clin Mov Disord 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0053-3

  74. Pascal, M., Allison, A., Kaartinen, J., 2020. Opioid-sparing effect of a medetomidine constant rate infusion during thoraco-lumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs administered a ketamine infusion. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.012

  75. Peyronnet, B., Brucker, B.M., Michel, M.C., 2018. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: What’s New in Medical Treatment? European Urology Focus 4, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2018.04.005

  76. Pieper, K., 2016. [Perioperative pain therapy in dogs and cats - an overview]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 44, 200–208. https://doi.org/10.15654/TPK-160084

  77. Platt, S., 2014. Genetics and Idiopathic Canine Epilepsy: Is Successful Treatment Out of Our Control? Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 27, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asams.2014.04.001

  78. Platt, S.R., Adams, V., Garosi, L.S., Abramson, C.J., Penderis, J., Stefani, A.D., Matiasek, L., 2006a. Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy. Veterinary Record 159, 881–884. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.26.881

  79. Platt, S.R., De Stefani, A., Wieczorek, L., 2006b. Primary orthostatic tremor in a Scottish deerhound. Vet Rec 159, 495–496. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.15.495

  80. Plessas, I.N., Rusbridge, C., Driver, C.J., Chandler, K.E., Craig, A., McGonnell, I.M., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2012. Long-term outcome of Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs with clinical signs associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Vet Rec 171, 501. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100449

  81. Plessas, I.N., Volk, H.A., Rusbridge, C., Vanhaesebrouck, A.E., Jeffery, N.D., 2015. Comparison of gabapentin versus topiramate on clinically affected dogs with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Veterinary Record 177, 288–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103234

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  85. Radulovic, L.L., Türck, D., von Hodenberg, A., Vollmer, K.O., McNally, W.P., DeHart, P.D., Hanson, B.J., Bockbrader, H.N., Chang, T., 1995. Disposition of gabapentin (neurontin) in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 23, 441–448.

  86. Re Bravo, V., Aprea, F., Bhalla, R.J., De Gennaro, C., Cherubini, G.B., Corletto, F., Vettorato, E., 2019. Effect of 5% transdermal lidocaine patches on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy. J Small Anim Pract 60, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12925

  87. Reader, R., Olaitan, O., McCobb, E., 2021. Evaluation of prescribing practices for gabapentin as an analgesic among veterinary professionals. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 48, 775–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.007

  88. Rhee, Y.-S., Park, S., Lee, T.-W., Park, C.-W., Nam, T.-Y., Oh, T.-O., Jeon, J.-W., Han, S.B., Lee, D.-S., Park, E.-S., 2008. In Vitro/in vivo relationship of gabapentin from a sustained-release tablet formulation: a pharmacokinetic study in the beagle dog. Arch Pharm Res 31, 911–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-001-1246-x

  89. Robertson, S.A., 2020. Pharmacologic Methods: An Update on Optimal Presedation and Euthanasia Solution Administration. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Small Animal Euthanasia: Updates on Clinical Practice 50, 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.12.004

  90. Rochette, J., 2005. Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia for Oral and Dental Procedures. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Veterinary Dentistry 35, 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.02.004

  91. Romero‐Fernandez, N., José‐López, R., Durand, A., Gutierrez‐Quintana, R., 2017. Successful medical management of an epidural abscess in a dog. Veterinary Record Case Reports 5, e000448. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000448

  92. Rozanski, E., 2020. Canine Chronic Bronchitis: An Update. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Canine and Feline Respiratory Medicine: An Update 50, 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.003

  93. Rozanski, E., 2014. Canine Chronic Bronchitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Canine and Feline Respiratory Medicine 44, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.09.005

  94. Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005

  95. Ruel, H.L.M., Watanabe, R., Evangelista, M.C., Beauchamp, G., Auger, J.-P., Segura, M., Steagall, P.V., 2020. Pain burden, sensory profile and inflammatory cytokines of dogs with naturally-occurring neuropathic pain treated with gabapentin alone or with meloxicam. PLoS One 15, e0237121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237121

  96. Rusbridge, C., Jeffery, N.D., 2008. Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia. The Veterinary Journal 175, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.007

  97. Rychel, J.K., 2010. Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.005

  98. Sanchis-Mora, S., Chang, Y.M., Abeyesinghe, S.M., Fisher, A., Upton, N., Volk, H.A., Pelligand, L., 2019. Pregabalin for the treatment of syringomyelia-associated neuropathic pain in dogs: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial. The Veterinary Journal 250, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.06.006

  99. Scaglione, J., Diaz, S.F., Bonagura, J.D., Kohnken, R.A., Helms, T.H., Cianciolo, R.E., 2018. Ischemic necrosis of the digits and hyperlipidemia associated with atherosclerosis in a Miniature American Shepherd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 253, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.2.209

  100. Schroeder, C.A., Smith, L.J., 2011. Veterinary Anesthesia. Advances in Anesthesia, Advances in Anesthesia 29, 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aan.2011.07.002

  101. Sharun, K., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Dhama, K., Amarpal,  null, Sharma, G.T., 2021. Percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the management of paraplegia secondary to Hansen type I intervertebral disc herniation in a Beagle dog. Iran J Vet Res 22, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.22099/ijvr.2021.38613.5620

  102. Sharun, K., Rawat, T., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Sharma, G.T., 2020. Clinical evaluation following the percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBM-MSC) in dogs affected by vertebral compression fracture. Veterinary and Animal Science 10, 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100152

  103. Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016

  104. Shihab, N., Bowen, J., Volk, H.A., 2011. Behavioral changes in dogs associated with the development of idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 21, 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.03.018

  105. Shilo-Benjamini, Y., Cern, A., Zilbersheid, D., Hod, A., Lavy, E., Barasch, D., Barenholz, Y., 2022. A Case Report of Subcutaneously Injected Liposomal Cannabidiol Formulation Used as a Compassion Therapy for Pain Management in a Dog. Front Vet Sci 9, 892306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.892306

  106. Shukla, A.K., Pinard, C.L., Flynn, B.L., Bauman, C.A., 2020. Effects of orally administered gabapentin, tramadol, and meloxicam on ocular variables in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 81, 973–984. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.81.12.973

  107. Sinn, L., 2018. Advances in Behavioral Psychopharmacology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Behavior as an Illness Indicator 48, 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.12.011

  108. Song, R.B., Basso, D.M., da Costa, R.C., Fisher, L.C., Mo, X., Moore, S.A., 2016. von Frey anesthesiometry to assess sensory impairment after acute spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs. The Veterinary Journal 209, 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.028

  109. Stevenson, C.M., Kim, J., Fleisher, D., 1997. Colonic absorption of antiepileptic agents. Epilepsia 38, 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01078.x

  110. Stollar, O.O., Moore, G.E., Mukhopadhyay, A., Gwin, W., Ogata, N., 2022. Effects of a single dose of orally administered gabapentin in dogs during a veterinary visit: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 260, 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.03.0167

  111. Thomas, W.B., 2010. Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Diseases of the Brain 40, 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.004

  112. Trbolova, A., Ghaffari, M.S., Capik, I., 2017. Effects of premedication with oral gabapentin on intraocular pressure changes following tracheal intubation in clinically normal dogs. BMC Vet Res 13, 288. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1206-1

  113. Tryfonidou, M.A., de Vries, G., Hennink, W.E., Creemers, L.B., 2020. “Old Drugs, New Tricks” – Local controlled drug release systems for treatment of degenerative joint disease. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 160, 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.012

  114. Urkasemsin, G., Olby, N.J., 2014. Canine Paroxysmal Movement Disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Veterinary Neurology 44, 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.07.006

  115. Violette, N.P., Newbold, G.M., Chen, C., Miller, E.J., Gemensky-Metzler, A.J., 2022. Effects of gabapentin and trazodone on electroretinographic responses in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 83, ajvr.22.03.0047. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0047

  116. Vollmer, K.O., von Hodenberg, A., Kölle, E.U., 1986. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gabapentin in rat, dog and man. Arzneimittelforschung 36, 830–839.

  117. Wagner, A.E., Mich, P.M., Uhrig, S.R., Hellyer, P.W., 2010. Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236, 751–756. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.751

  118. Watson, F., Rusbridge, C., Packer, R.M.A., Casey, R.A., Heath, S., Volk, H.A., 2018. A review of treatment options for behavioural manifestations of clinical anxiety as a comorbidity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. The Veterinary Journal 238, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.06.001

  119. Watson, P., 2012. Chronic Pancreatitis in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Pancreatitis 27, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.04.006

  120. Wegner, K., Horais, K.A., Tozier, N.A., Rathbun, M.L., Shtaerman, Y., Yaksh, T.L., 2008. Development of a canine nociceptive thermal escape model. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 168, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.09.019

  121. West, C.L., Mealey, K.L., 2007. Assessment of antiepileptic drugs as substrates for canine P-glycoprotein. Am J Vet Res 68, 1106–1110. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.10.1106

  122. Westlund, K., 2015. To feed or not to feed: Counterconditioning in the veterinary clinic. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10, 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.05.008

  123. Wolf, J.K., Early, P.J., Pozzi, A., Vigani, A., 2021. Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural glucocorticoid injection for signs of refractory cervical pain associated with foraminal intervertebral disk protrusion in four dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 258, 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.258.9.999

  124. Wolfe, K.C., Poma, R., 2010. Syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) dog. Can Vet J 51, 95–102.

  125. Woodward, T.M., 2008. Pain Management and Regional Anesthesia for the Dental Patient. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Veterinary Dentistry 23, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2008.02.007

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  127. Wyatt, S., Gonçalves, R., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., De Decker, S., 2018. Outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations in dogs: 13 cases (2009-2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 253, 768–773. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.6.768

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1) Gabapentin | Dog |  Neuropathic Pain

  1. Amadei, E., Cantile, C., Gazzano, A., Pierantoni, L., Mariti, C., 2021. The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 46, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003

  2. Cloquell, A., Kaczmarska, A., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., José-López, R., 2021. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical management of suspected intracranial hypovolemia after transfrontal craniotomy in a dog. Veterinary Surgery 50, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13586

  3. Fox, S.M., 2012. Painful Decisions for Senior Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 42, 727–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.010

  4. Gaynor, J.S., 2008. Control of Cancer Pain in Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.009

  5. Giudice, E., Crinò, C., Barillaro, G., Crupi, R., Macrì, F., Viganò, F., Di Pietro, S., 2019. Clinical findings in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in ten dogs—A pilot study on the analgesic activity of tramadol and gabapentin. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 33, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.004

  6. Gomes, S.A., Lowrie, M., Targett, M., 2020. Single dose epidural methylprednisolone as a treatment and predictor of outcome following subsequent decompressive surgery in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with foraminal stenosis. The Veterinary Journal 257, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451

  7. Gregor, K.M., Knebel, A., Haverkamp, A.-K., Baumgärtner, W., Volk, H., 2022. Metastatic Canine Phaeochromocytoma with Unusual Manifestation. Journal of Comparative Pathology 192, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.01.006

  8. Hechler, A.C., Moore, S.A., 2018. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 33, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002

  9. Hellyer, P., Rodan, I., Brunt, J., Downing, R., Hagedorn, J., Robertson, S., 2007. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9, 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001

  10. Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002

  11. Loughin, C.A., 2016. Chiari-like Malformation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Congenital Abnormalities of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Central Nervous System 46, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.002

  12. Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200

  13. Mathews, K.A., 2008. Neuropathic Pain in Dogs and Cats: If Only They Could Tell Us If They Hurt. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1365–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.001

  14. Mauler, D.A., De Decker, S., De Risio, L., Volk, H.A., Dennis, R., Gielen, I., Van der Vekens, E., Goethals, K., Van Ham, L., 2017. Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 31, 849–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14714

  15. Moore, S.A., 2016. Managing Neuropathic Pain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00012

  16. Otero, P.E., Portela, D.A., Fuensalida, S.E., Romano, M., Tarragona, L., Cavalcanti, M., Texeira, J.G., Jones, R., Guerrero, J.A., 2022. Pericapsular hip desensitization in dogs: A cadaveric study and case series. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.001

  17. Plessas, I.N., Rusbridge, C., Driver, C.J., Chandler, K.E., Craig, A., McGonnell, I.M., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2012. Long-term outcome of Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs with clinical signs associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Vet Rec 171, 501. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100449

  18. Plessas, I.N., Volk, H.A., Rusbridge, C., Vanhaesebrouck, A.E., Jeffery, N.D., 2015. Comparison of gabapentin versus topiramate on clinically affected dogs with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Veterinary Record 177, 288–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103234

  19. Reader, R., Olaitan, O., McCobb, E., 2021. Evaluation of prescribing practices for gabapentin as an analgesic among veterinary professionals. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 48, 775–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.007

  20. Romero‐Fernandez, N., José‐López, R., Durand, A., Gutierrez‐Quintana, R., 2017. Successful medical management of an epidural abscess in a dog. Veterinary Record Case Reports 5, e000448. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000448

  21. Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005

  22. Ruel, H.L.M., Watanabe, R., Evangelista, M.C., Beauchamp, G., Auger, J.-P., Segura, M., Steagall, P.V., 2020. Pain burden, sensory profile and inflammatory cytokines of dogs with naturally-occurring neuropathic pain treated with gabapentin alone or with meloxicam. PLoS One 15, e0237121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237121

  23. Rusbridge, C., Jeffery, N.D., 2008. Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia. The Veterinary Journal 175, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.007

  24. Sanchis-Mora, S., Chang, Y.M., Abeyesinghe, S.M., Fisher, A., Upton, N., Volk, H.A., Pelligand, L., 2019. Pregabalin for the treatment of syringomyelia-associated neuropathic pain in dogs: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial. The Veterinary Journal 250, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.06.006

  25. Scaglione, J., Diaz, S.F., Bonagura, J.D., Kohnken, R.A., Helms, T.H., Cianciolo, R.E., 2018. Ischemic necrosis of the digits and hyperlipidemia associated with atherosclerosis in a Miniature American Shepherd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 253, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.2.209

  26. Sharun, K., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Dhama, K., Amarpal,  null, Sharma, G.T., 2021. Percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the management of paraplegia secondary to Hansen type I intervertebral disc herniation in a Beagle dog. Iran J Vet Res 22, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.22099/ijvr.2021.38613.5620

  27. Sharun, K., Rawat, T., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Sharma, G.T., 2020. Clinical evaluation following the percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBM-MSC) in dogs affected by vertebral compression fracture. Veterinary and Animal Science 10, 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100152

  28. Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016

  29. Wagner, A.E., Mich, P.M., Uhrig, S.R., Hellyer, P.W., 2010. Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236, 751–756. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.751

  30. Wolf, J.K., Early, P.J., Pozzi, A., Vigani, A., 2021. Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural glucocorticoid injection for signs of refractory cervical pain associated with foraminal intervertebral disk protrusion in four dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 258, 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.258.9.999

  31. Wyatt, S., Gonçalves, R., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., De Decker, S., 2018. Outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations in dogs: 13 cases (2009-2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 253, 768–773. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.6.768

1a) Gabapentin | Dog |  CM/SM | Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia

  1. Hechler, A.C., Moore, S.A., 2018. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 33, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002

  2. Loughin, C.A., 2016. Chiari-like Malformation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Congenital Abnormalities of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Central Nervous System 46, 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.002

  3. Moore, S.A., 2016. Managing Neuropathic Pain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00012

  4. Plessas, I.N., Rusbridge, C., Driver, C.J., Chandler, K.E., Craig, A., McGonnell, I.M., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2012. Long-term outcome of Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs with clinical signs associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Vet Rec 171, 501. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100449

  5. Plessas, I.N., Volk, H.A., Rusbridge, C., Vanhaesebrouck, A.E., Jeffery, N.D., 2015. Comparison of gabapentin versus topiramate on clinically affected dogs with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Veterinary Record 177, 288–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103234

  6. Rusbridge, C., Jeffery, N.D., 2008. Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia. The Veterinary Journal 175, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.007

  7. Wolfe, K.C., Poma, R., 2010. Syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) dog. Can Vet J 51, 95–102.

2) Gabapentin | Dog |   Osteoarthritic Pain [OA]

  1. Boileau, C., Martel‐Pelletier, J., Brunet, J., Tardif, G., Schrier, D., Flory, C., El‐Kattan, A., Boily, M., Pelletier, J.-P., 2005. Oral treatment with PD-0200347, an α2δ ligand, reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis by inhibiting metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and synthesis in cartilage chondrocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatism 52, 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20809

  2. Brioschi, F.A., Di Cesare, F., Gioeni, D., Rabbogliatti, V., Ferrari, F., D’Urso, E.S., Amari, M., Ravasio, G., 2020. Oral Transmucosal Cannabidiol Oil Formulation as Part of a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen: Effects on Pain Relief and Quality of Life Improvement in Dogs Affected by Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 10, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091505

  3. Bruecker, K.A., Benjamino, K., Vezzoni, A., Walls, C., Wendelburg, K.L., Follette, C.M., Déjardin, L.M., Guillou, R., 2021. Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Medial Compartment Disease and Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Forelimb Lameness 51, 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.12.008

  4. Fox, S.M., 2012. Painful Decisions for Senior Pets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Geriatrics 42, 727–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.010

  5. Harper, T.A.M., 2017. Conservative Management of Hip Dysplasia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Hip Dysplasia 47, 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.02.007

  6. Hellyer, P., Rodan, I., Brunt, J., Downing, R., Hagedorn, J., Robertson, S., 2007. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9, 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001

  7. Johnston, S.A., McLaughlin, R.M., Budsberg, S.C., 2008. Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis in Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.08.001

  8. KuKanich, B., 2013. Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Evidence-based Approach. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.007

  9. Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002

  10. Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200

  11. O’Neill, D.G., Brodbelt, D.C., Hodge, R., Church, D.B., Meeson, R.L., 2020. Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 7, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-0080-5

  12. Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005

  13. Rychel, J.K., 2010. Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.005

  14. Tryfonidou, M.A., de Vries, G., Hennink, W.E., Creemers, L.B., 2020. “Old Drugs, New Tricks” – Local controlled drug release systems for treatment of degenerative joint disease. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 160, 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.012

3) Gabapentin | Dog |  Surgical Pain

  1. Aghighi, S.A., Tipold, A., Piechotta, M., Lewczuk, P., Kästner, S.B.R., 2012. Assessment of the effects of adjunctive gabapentin on postoperative pain after intervertebral disc surgery in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 39, 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00769.x

  2. Beckman, B., 2013. Anesthesia and Pain Management for Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Clinical Veterinary Dentistry 43, 669–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.02.006

  3. Berry, S.H., 2015. Analgesia in the Perioperative Period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Perioperative Care 45, 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.04.007

  4. Bradbrook, C., Clark, L., 2018. State of the art analgesia—Recent developments pharmacological approaches to acute pain management in dogs and cats: Part 2. The Veterinary Journal 236, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.009

  5. Cloquell, A., Kaczmarska, A., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., José-López, R., 2021. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical management of suspected intracranial hypovolemia after transfrontal craniotomy in a dog. Veterinary Surgery 50, 1696–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13586

  6. Crociolli, G.C., Cassu, R.N., Barbero, R.C., Rocha, T.L.A., Gomes, D.R., Nicácio, G.M., 2015. Gabapentin as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing mastectomy. J Vet Med Sci 77, 1011–1015. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0602

  7. Gates, M.C., Littlewood, K.E., Kongara, K., Odom, T.F., Sawicki, R.K., 2020. Cross-sectional survey of anaesthesia and analgesia protocols used to perform routine canine and feline ovariohysterectomies. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 47, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.008

  8. Gomes, S.A., Lowrie, M., Targett, M., 2020. Single dose epidural methylprednisolone as a treatment and predictor of outcome following subsequent decompressive surgery in degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with foraminal stenosis. The Veterinary Journal 257, 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451

  9. Hudson, C.C., Lewis, D.D., Pozzi, A., 2020. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis: Radius and Ulna. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair 50, 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.08.006

  10. Johnson, B.A., Aarnes, T.K., Wanstrath, A.W., Ricco Pereira, C.H., Bednarski, R.M., Lerche, P., McLoughlin, M.A., 2019. Effect of oral administration of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Am J Vet Res 80, 1007–1009. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1007

  11. Kramer, B.M., Hellyer, P.W., Rishniw, M., Kogan, L.R., 2022. Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.010

  12. Lamont, L.A., 2008. Adjunctive Analgesic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002

  13. Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200

  14. Otero, P.E., Portela, D.A., Fuensalida, S.E., Romano, M., Tarragona, L., Cavalcanti, M., Texeira, J.G., Jones, R., Guerrero, J.A., 2022. Pericapsular hip desensitization in dogs: A cadaveric study and case series. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.001

  15. Pieper, K., 2016. [Perioperative pain therapy in dogs and cats - an overview]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 44, 200–208. https://doi.org/10.15654/TPK-160084

  16. Re Bravo, V., Aprea, F., Bhalla, R.J., De Gennaro, C., Cherubini, G.B., Corletto, F., Vettorato, E., 2019. Effect of 5% transdermal lidocaine patches on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy. J Small Anim Pract 60, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12925

  17. Reader, R., Olaitan, O., McCobb, E., 2021. Evaluation of prescribing practices for gabapentin as an analgesic among veterinary professionals. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 48, 775–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.007

  18. Romero‐Fernandez, N., José‐López, R., Durand, A., Gutierrez‐Quintana, R., 2017. Successful medical management of an epidural abscess in a dog. Veterinary Record Case Reports 5, e000448. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000448

  19. Ruel, H.L.M., Steagall, P.V., 2019. Adjuvant Analgesics in Acute Pain Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Alternatives to Opioid Analgesia in Small Animal Anesthesia 49, 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.005

  20. Sharun, K., Rawat, T., Kumar, R., Chandra, V., Saxena, A.C., Pawde, A.M., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Sharma, G.T., 2020. Clinical evaluation following the percutaneous transplantation of allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBM-MSC) in dogs affected by vertebral compression fracture. Veterinary and Animal Science 10, 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100152

  21. Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016

  22. Trbolova, A., Ghaffari, M.S., Capik, I., 2017. Effects of premedication with oral gabapentin on intraocular pressure changes following tracheal intubation in clinically normal dogs. BMC Vet Res 13, 288. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1206-1

  23. Wagner, A.E., Mich, P.M., Uhrig, S.R., Hellyer, P.W., 2010. Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236, 751–756. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.7.751

4) Gabapentin | Dog |  Oncology Pain

  1. Bennett, C., Cook, N., 2019. Palliative Care Services at Home: Viewpoint from a Multidoctor Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.018

  2. Downing, R., 2011. Pain Management for Veterinary Palliative Care and Hospice Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.010

  3. Gaynor, J.S., 2008. Control of Cancer Pain in Veterinary Patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Update on Pain Management 38, 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.009

  4. Looney, A., 2010. Oncology Pain in Veterinary Patients. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Chronic Pain 25, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.008

  5. Mathews, K., Kronen, P.W., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagall, P.V., Wright, B., Yamashita, K., 2014. Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain. Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200

  6. Monteiro, B.P., de Lorimier, L.-P., Moreau, M., Beauchamp, G., Blair, J., Lussier, B., Pelletier, J.-P., Troncy, E., 2018. Pain characterization and response to palliative care in dogs with naturally-occurring appendicular osteosarcoma: An open label clinical trial. PLoS One 13, e0207200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207200

5) Gabapentin | Dog |  Anxiolytic

  1. Amadei, E., Cantile, C., Gazzano, A., Pierantoni, L., Mariti, C., 2021. The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 46, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003

  2. Bazin, I., Desmarchelier, M., 2022. Retrospective study on the use of fluvoxamine in 72 dogs with anxiety disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 50, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.01.001

  3. Bleuer-Elsner, S., Medam, T., Masson, S., 2021. Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Veterinary Record 189, e453. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.453

  4. Dewey, C.W., Davies, E.S., Xie, H., Wakshlag, J.J., 2019. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Advances in Palliative Medicine 49, 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013

  5. Erickson, A., Harbin, K., MacPherson, J., Rundle, K., Overall, K.L., 2021. A review of pre-appointment medications to reduce fear and anxiety in dogs and cats at veterinary visits. Can Vet J 62, 952–960.

  6. Haug, L.I., 2008. Canine Aggression Toward Unfamiliar People and Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Practical Applications and New Perspectives in Veterinary Behavior 38, 1023–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.005

  7. Kartashova, I.A., Ganina, K.K., Karelina, E.A., Tarasov, S.A., 2021. How to evaluate and manage stress in dogs – A guide for veterinary specialist. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 243, 105458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105458

  8. Kramer, B.M., Hellyer, P.W., Rishniw, M., Kogan, L.R., 2022. Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.010

  9. Landsberg, G.M., DePorter, T., Araujo, J.A., 2011. Clinical Signs and Management of Anxiety, Sleeplessness, and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Senior Pet. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 565–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.017

  10. Shearer, T.S., 2011. A Case Report: Caring for a Golden Retriever with Nasal Cancer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Palliative Medicine and Hospice Care 41, 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.03.016

  11. Stollar, O.O., Moore, G.E., Mukhopadhyay, A., Gwin, W., Ogata, N., 2022. Effects of a single dose of orally administered gabapentin in dogs during a veterinary visit: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 260, 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.03.0167

  12. Violette, N.P., Newbold, G.M., Chen, C., Miller, E.J., Gemensky-Metzler, A.J., 2022. Effects of gabapentin and trazodone on electroretinographic responses in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 83, ajvr.22.03.0047. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0047

  13. Watson, F., Rusbridge, C., Packer, R.M.A., Casey, R.A., Heath, S., Volk, H.A., 2018. A review of treatment options for behavioural manifestations of clinical anxiety as a comorbidity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. The Veterinary Journal 238, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.06.001

6) Gabapentin | Dog |  Complex Epilepsy [AED]

  1. Chandler, K., 2006. Canine epilepsy: What can we learn from human seizure disorders? The Veterinary Journal 172, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.001

  2. Charalambous, M., Brodbelt, D., Volk, H.A., 2014. Treatment in canine epilepsy--a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 10, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0257-9

  3. Charalambous, M., Shivapour, S.K., Brodbelt, D.C., Volk, H.A., 2016. Antiepileptic drugs’ tolerability and safety--a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse effects in dogs. BMC Vet Res 12, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0703-y

  4. Govendir, M., Perkins, M., Malik, R., 2005. Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Australian Veterinary Journal 83, 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13269.x

  5. Lavely, J.A., 2014. Pediatric Seizure Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Pediatrics 44, 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.10.004

  6. Liatis, T., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Mari, L., Czopowicz, M., Polidoro, D., Bhatti, S.F.M., Cozzi, F., Tirrito, F., Brocal, J., José-López, R., Kaczmarska, A., Cappello, R., Harris, G., Alves, L., Rusbridge, C., Rossmeisl, J.H., 2022. Primary orthostatic tremor and orthostatic tremor-plus in dogs: 60 cases (2003-2020). J Vet Intern Med 36, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16328

  7. Matar, K.M., Nicholls, P.J., Bawazir, S.A., Al-Hassan, M.I., Tekle, A., 2000. Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog. Pharmacol Res 42, 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2000.0713

  8. Platt, S.R., Adams, V., Garosi, L.S., Abramson, C.J., Penderis, J., Stefani, A.D., Matiasek, L., 2006a. Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy. Veterinary Record 159, 881–884. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.26.881

  9. Platt, S.R., De Stefani, A., Wieczorek, L., 2006b. Primary orthostatic tremor in a Scottish deerhound. Vet Rec 159, 495–496. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.15.495

  10. Podell, M., Volk, H.A., Berendt, M., Löscher, W., Muñana, K., Patterson, E.E., Platt, S.R., 2016. 2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 30, 477–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13841

  11. Thomas, W.B., 2010. Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Diseases of the Brain 40, 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.004

Gabapentin | Dog | Expert Opinion

  1. 1317822* |  220805 Extrapolation of pharmacological properties in man and veterinary species. Some material employed in collating the data displayed here was taken from veterinary product datasheets or extrapolated from pharmacology texts.


Last Updated by 1317822* | on 221012


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